Switzerland- one of the most beautiful countries in the world and Europe. The world's wallet, whose banks are considered the most reliable, Switzerland harmoniously combines mountainous alpine pastoral and advanced technology.

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Switzerland

Switzerland is one of the most memorable European countries. Unsurpassed mountain peaks and fresh alpine air transform an ordinary holiday into a fabulous and invigorating journey. The kingdom of harmony and reliability captivates with its splendor and incredible beauty.

Switzerland on the world map

The Alps occupy not much, not little, but half of the entire territory of the country. The snow-capped peaks of the Alps alternate with deep, dangerous gorges and ancient glaciers that cover more than 10 percent of Swiss land. Thanks to tourists and mountaineering enthusiasts, the Alps represent an excellent source of income for Switzerland. Among the many mountain peaks, the largest is Peak Dufour with a height of 4634 meters.

The capital of Switzerland is the majestic city of Bern.

Switzerland's northern neighbor is , its western neighbor is , its southern neighbor is , and in the east it is . The official languages ​​of Switzerland are: German, French, Italian and Romance.

Although Switzerland has no access to the seas and is rightfully considered rich in water resources, a kind of storehouse of water. This is not surprising, since Alpine glaciers stand at the sources of the rivers, and more than five percent of all fresh water reserves in Europe are collected here, and the rivers Inn, Rhine and Rhone originate in Switzerland. Near the city of Schafhausen, the largest Rhine Falls in Europe flows, more than 23 meters high.

In addition to hundreds of rivers and streams, there are about 1,500 lakes in the country, the largest among them are: Constance and Geneva. No less famous lakes in Switzerland are also Neuchâtel and Firwaldstät.

A distinctive feature of the Swiss national flag is that it is not rectangular, but square. This is a red square cloth with a white cross in the middle, each side of which is the same length as the others. In this case, the ends of the cross do not reach the borders of the canvas.

According to many historians, this flag originated from one of the cantons that ruled Switzerland back in 1291. Over time, the color scheme of the flag remained unchanged, but its shape and the length of the sides of the white cross changed. The symbolic image of the Red Cross organization comes from the Swiss flag. Researchers have differing opinions about the symbolic meaning of such a flag. Some sources say that the white cross symbolizes the neutrality of the country, while others indicate that it recalls the struggle of Christians in the name of the freedom of their state. The red color is a symbol of the courage and bravery of the Swiss.

Local climate features

The country's territory is located in the temperate continental climate zone. The Alpine mountains have the greatest influence on the local climate. They act as a massive barrier that does not allow cold Arctic masses to penetrate to the south, and does not allow warm air masses to penetrate to the north. The northern cantons are characterized by mild winters, which last from December to -, and its average temperatures range from -4 to +5 degrees. It is quite humid here, with about 140 millimeters of precipitation falling every month. Night temperatures reach 13 degrees Celsius, and during the day the sun warms the earth to 25 degrees Celsius.

In the south of Switzerland, summer temperatures are almost the same as winter ones, being about 13-16 degrees Celsius at night and 26-28 degrees during the day. Precipitation in the summer season is about 200 millimeters per month, and in the winter – about 60 millimeters.

In winter, the mountains themselves are characterized by low frosty temperatures and huge amounts of snow, which, depending on the altitude, can lie for almost a whole year.

Flora and fauna of Switzerland

The territory of the Swiss plateau is covered with a carpet of forests, which are represented by broad-leaved trees, among which oaks and beeches predominate, and pine gradually wedges itself into the general vegetation. Tall chestnut trees become characteristic of the southern part of the Alps, and the higher you go in the mountains, the more coniferous trees are found, which at enormous heights transform into incredible alpine meadows, where you can find glades dotted with daffodils, crocuses, rhodendrons and edelweiss.

Common animals include snowshoe hares and snow partridges. Many species of animals have noticeably suffered from significant human intervention, so chamois, roe deer and marmots have become quite rare. In order to preserve the richness of their animal world, the Swiss make great efforts to protect nature in their national parks.

Switzerland - cultural features

Switzerland's artistic heritage is not that great, but many Swiss talents have traveled abroad and become popular there. Such cultural figures include Paul Klee, Charles Corbusier and Albert Giacometti.

The Swiss people revere yodeling, Swiss wrestling and playing the alpine horn, but even more they love peace and quiet, so the reserved Swiss do not tolerate noisy and screaming tourists at night. Vacationers are obliged to behave in such a way as not to interfere with the rest of others.

As for traditional Swiss cuisine, it does not stand out too much from other European countries and combines the best recipes from France and Germany. But it can easily boast of its delicious cheeses, of which there are more than a hundred types.

Swiss chocolate also deserves special attention, with which they prepare an incredible number of delicious desserts.

The best Swiss attractions

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Switzerland is a country of luxurious relaxation and comfort. Here you can find the best hotels, the most picturesque corners of nature and the cleanest cities. Each of the cities belonging to this magnificent country has its own characteristics.

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Cities such as La Chaux-de-Fonds and Biel are extremely popular among travelers. There you can get acquainted with the city called Solothurn, which presents to your attention a myriad of architectural works in the Baroque style. The famous Clock Museum and Benedictine Convent also receive a sea of ​​tourists every year. By the way, this monastery is included in the UNESCO list of national treasures.
Gourmets should definitely visit Swiss cheese exhibitions. They pass. Romona is home to a glass painting museum that displays incredibly elegant works.

The pearl of Swiss tourism will always be the mountains, which cannot but fascinate with their grandeur. Ski resorts in Switzerland are considered one of the best and most comfortable in the world (for example). Excursion programs for walks in the mountains take into account all the most colorful and exciting places.

Switzerland is a country of luxurious holidays and mountain splendors; it will always attract visitors with its high standard of living and natural beauty. Once you've been here, you definitely won't want to leave this wonderful country!

Have a nice trip!
And return to .

The Swiss Confederation is a state in Central Europe. The government system is a federal republic. The area of ​​the country is 41.3 thousand square meters. km. In the north it borders with Germany, in the west with France, in the south with Italy, and in the east with Austria and Liechtenstein. The northern border is partly along Lake Constance and the Rhine, which begins in the center of the Swiss Alps and forms part of the eastern border. The western border runs along the Jura Mountains, the southern border along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva. The capital of Switzerland is Bern.

In Switzerland, three natural regions are distinguishable: the Jura mountain range in the northwest, the Swiss plateau (plateau) in the center and the Alps in the southeast.

Switzerland and France, stretching from Geneva to Basel and Schaffhausen. The Swiss plateau was formed at the site of a trough between the Jura and the Alps, which was filled with loose glacial deposits in the Pleistocene and is currently cut by numerous rivers. Most of the country's population is concentrated here, large cities and industrial centers are located. The most fertile agricultural lands and pastures are concentrated in this area.

Almost the entire southern half of Switzerland is occupied by the Alps. Mountains of Switzerland high, rugged, snow-covered mountains are dissected by deep gorges. In the ridge zone there are firn fields and glaciers (10% of the country's territory). The highest peaks are Peak Dufour (4634 m) in the Monte Rosa massif on the border with Italy, Dom (4545 m), Weisshorn (4505 m), Matterhorn (4477 m), Grand Combin (4314 m), Finsterarhorn (4274 m) and Jungfrau (4158 m).

Climate of Switzerland

Switzerland belongs to the temperate continental climate region. But, speaking about the climate of this country, it should be borne in mind that about 60% of its territory is occupied by mountains, so here you can get from winter to summer in two hours. The Alps are a kind of barrier that prevents the flow of cold Arctic masses to the south, and warm subtropical masses to the north. In the northern cantons, winter is mild and lasts about 3 months: from December to February. At this time, the minimum temperature is -1...-4, maximum +2...+5 degrees. In summer (from June to August) at night it is usually +11...+13 degrees, during the daytime the air warms up to +22...+25 degrees. There is quite a lot of precipitation throughout the year. Their maximum occurs in the summer (up to 140 mm per month), the minimum from January to March (slightly more than 60 mm per month).

In the south, winter temperatures are almost the same, and summer temperatures are higher. The average minimum temperature is +13...+16, the average maximum +26...+28. There is even more precipitation in this area. From March to November, more than 100 mm of precipitation falls per month, and from June to August this amount approaches 200 mm. The least precipitation falls in January and February (about 60 mm).

Swiss statistics
(as of 2012)

The weather in the mountains depends on the altitude of the area. In the highlands it is snowy in winter. The temperature most of the year (from October to May) is negative both at night and during the day. In the coldest months (January and February), at night the temperature drops to -10...-15, during the day - to -5...-10. It is warmest in July and August (2...7 degrees at night, 5...10 degrees during the day). The maximum snow depth is usually observed in early April. At an altitude of 700 meters it lasts 3 months, 1000 meters - 4.5 months, 2500 meters - 10.5 months.

Water system of Switzerland

Most of Switzerland is traversed by the Rhine and its tributary, the Aare. The southwestern regions belong to the Rhone drainage basin, the southern ones to the Ticino basin and the southeastern ones to the river basin. Inn (tributary of the Danube). The rivers of Switzerland have no navigable significance. On the Rhine, navigation is maintained only as far as Basel.

There are many lakes, the most picturesque of which are located along the edges of the Swiss plateau - Geneva, Thun in the south, Firwaldstätt, Zurich in the east, Neuchâtel and Biel in the north. Most of these lakes are of glacial origin: they were formed during an era when large glaciers descended from the mountains onto the Swiss plateau. South of the Alpine axis in the canton of Ticino are lakes Lugano and Lago Maggiore.

Flora of Switzerland

About 1/4 of the country's territory is covered with forests. The composition of forests depends on the altitude above sea level. In the area of ​​the Swiss Plateau, up to an altitude of 800 m, broad-leaved forests of oak, beech, ash, elm, maple, and linden predominate. Above 1000 m, the broad-leaved species that remain are mainly beech; spruces, pines, and firs appear. And starting from an altitude of 1800 m, the main place is occupied by coniferous forests of spruce, fir, pine and larch. At the highest altitudes (up to 2800 m) there are subalpine and alpine meadows, thickets of rhododendron, azalea, and juniper.

The Swiss plateau is located in the zone of European broadleaf forests. The predominant species are oak and beech, with pine mixed in in some places. On the southern slope of the Alps the chestnut tree is typical. Higher up the mountain slopes, coniferous forests grow, forming a transition zone between broad-leaved forests and alpine meadows (at high altitudes). Crocuses and daffodils are typical for alpine flowers in spring, and rhododendrons, saxifrage, gentians and edelweiss in summer.

Wildlife of Switzerland

The fauna is greatly depleted. While snow partridge and mountain hare are still quite common, such characteristic animals of the upper tier of the mountains as roe deer, marmot and chamois are much less common. Great efforts are being made to protect wildlife. The Swiss National Park, located near the border with Austria, is home to roe deer and chamois, and less commonly, alpine ibex and fox; Ptarmigan and several species of birds of prey are also found. There are numerous reserves and sanctuaries.

In the mountains there are fox, hare, chamois, marten, alpine marmot, and birds - capercaillie, thrush, swift, and snow finch. Along the shores of the lakes you can find seagulls, and in the lakes you can find trout, char, whitefish, and grayling.

Introduction

Tourism today has become a rapidly developing sector of the world economy. In many countries, tourism occupies a significant place in the formation of gross domestic product, the creation of additional jobs and employment, and the optimization of the foreign trade balance. For a target number of countries, tourism is a source of significant foreign exchange earnings, contributes to the expansion of international contacts, etc.

This course work is devoted to the consideration of the tourism potential of Switzerland, from the perspective of a comprehensive assessment of geographical, natural-climatic, cultural-historical and socio-economic factors.

A lot of natural and man-made “miracles” are concentrated very compactly on the small territory of Switzerland, and thanks to the excellent transport links here, you can get from one place to another in a minimum amount of time. This important factor adds to Switzerland’s attractiveness, increasing the already significant flow of guests. Of course, in addition to excursion and ecological tourism, it is worth mentioning the famous Swiss ski resorts: Zermatt, Davos, St. Moritz and others. Exceptional service, high quality of service, together with an appropriate pricing policy, automatically transfer a holiday in Switzerland to the VIP category. But if you already allow yourself “excesses,” then where else?

The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the fact that in our time people should know about different cultures, demonstrate the ability to communicate with other peoples, respect their customs, traditions, laws, as well as develop and improve tourism.

The purpose of the course work is to study the characteristics of the cultural heritage of Switzerland.

1. Explore the natural and historical potential of Switzerland.

2. Get acquainted with the culture of Switzerland, the main traditions and customs of the population of this country;

3. Consider the features of Switzerland.

To implement these tasks, the following scientific research methods were used: theoretical; empirical; modeling and forecasting method; sociological.

Natural and historical potential of Switzerland

Geographical location, climate and relief

cultural tourism custom museum

Switzerland (German: Schweiz) is a small country (132nd largest in the world) that is very lucky in terms of geography. In the north it borders with Germany, in the west with France, in the south with Italy, and in the east with Liechtenstein and Austria. Thanks to such powerful neighbors, Switzerland has no problems with the economy, and there is always no end to tourists.

Switzerland is also known as the most mountainous country in Europe. In the north are the Jura Mountains (French Jura), and in the south and east are the famous Alps (German Alpen, French Alpes), which together occupy more than 61% of the entire territory of this country and provide a unique climate in which palm trees and spruce trees coexist within the same region.

Another feature of Switzerland is its many lakes. Despite the fact that this country is landlocked, summer tours to Switzerland often include not only admiring the scenery and sightseeing, but also excellent “swimming treatments.” Particularly famous are the lakes located around the Swiss plateau - Vierwaldstätte (German: Vierwaldstättersee), Neuchatel (French: Lac de Neuchätel) and Geneva (French: Lac de Genîve).

Despite its modest size, this mountainous country contains up to 6-7% of Europe's fresh water reserves. Here pass such rivers as the Rhine (German Rhein, French Rhin), Rhone (French Rhфne), Limmat (German Limmat) and the Rhine tributary Aare (German Aare, French Aar). All of them are navigable, and tourists love to ride on them.

Climate. In Switzerland, several climatic zones can be distinguished. The climate here is temperate continental, alpine. It is never too cold or hot, which is typical for Western European countries.

Winter is quite mild and there is a lot of snow. The temperature in winter in mountainous and foothill areas does not fall below -8-12 0C. It is warmer on the plain - no lower than -2-4 0C. Summer in Switzerland is warm and dry, no hotter than +25 +30 0C. In the mountainous regions of the country, summer is cooler + 16 - 18 C.

The average air temperature in Geneva in January is 0 C, in July +19 C. Precipitation falls from 800 mm. per year on the plain, up to 2500 mm. per year on the western slopes of the mountains.

The hottest month is July, the coldest is January.

The peaks of the Alps are covered with eternal snow. In Switzerland, sharp strong winds blow quite often. On the southern slopes of the mountains, precipitation falls almost twice as much as on the northern ones.

Terrain. In Switzerland, three natural regions are distinguishable: the Jura mountain range in the northwest, the Swiss plateau (plateau) in the center and the Alps in the southeast.

The Jura Mountains, separating Switzerland and France, stretch from Geneva to Basel and Schaffhausen. They alternate between mountain folds with a predominance of limestone and valleys; The folds are cut in places by small rivers, forming valleys with steep slopes (cluses). Agriculture is possible only in the valleys; The gentle slopes of the mountains are covered with forests or used as pastures.

The Swiss plateau was formed at the site of a trough between the Jura and the Alps, which was filled with loose glacial sediments in the Pleistocene and is currently cut by numerous rivers. The surface of the plateau is hilly, agriculture is developed in the wide valleys, and the interfluves are covered with forests. The majority of the country's population is concentrated here, large cities and industrial centers are located. The most fertile agricultural lands and pastures are concentrated in this area.

Almost the entire southern half of Switzerland is occupied by the Alps. These high, rugged, snow-capped mountains are dissected by deep gorges. In the ridge zone there are firn fields and glaciers (10% of the country's territory). The wide bottom of the main valleys is used for fields and arable land. The area is sparsely populated. The Alps serve as the main source of income, as the picturesque nature of the highlands attracts many tourists and climbers. The highest peaks are Peak Dufour (4634 m) in the Monte Rosa massif on the border with Italy, Dom (4545 m), Weisshorn (4505 m), Matterhorn (4477 m), Grand Combin (4314 m), Finsterarhorn (4274 m) ) and Jungfrau (4158 m).

Flora and fauna of Switzerland

The Swiss plateau is located in the zone of European broadleaf forests. The predominant species are oak and beech, with pine mixed in in some places. On the southern slope of the Alps the chestnut tree is typical. Higher up the mountain slopes, coniferous forests grow, forming a transition zone between broad-leaved forests and alpine meadows (at high altitudes). There are many bright colors in the mountains. Crocuses and daffodils bloom in spring, rhododendrons, saxifrages, gentians and edelweiss bloom in summer.

The fauna has been strongly influenced by human economic activity. While snow partridge and mountain hare are still quite common, such characteristic animals of the upper tier of the mountains as roe deer, marmot and chamois are much less common. Great efforts are being made to protect wildlife. The Swiss National Park, located near the border with Austria, is home to roe deer and chamois, and less commonly, alpine ibex and fox; Ptarmigan and several species of birds of prey are also found.

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Switzerland is a country where amazing natural wonders are concentrated in a small space. Its area is just over 41 thousand square meters. km, you can see such a wide variety of landscapes and landscapes that cannot be found in any other country with the same small area.

General information about the country

Switzerland is the country of the most reliable banks in the world. This is the land of army knives, chocolate, watches and cheese. But the main thing is that Switzerland is a country with amazing nature.

We invite you to get acquainted with the nature of Switzerland, its most beautiful corners and features of flora and fauna.

Location

The state is located in the very heart of Europe. It borders with Austria in the east, Germany in the north, France in the west and Italy in the south. More than half of the territory is occupied by mountains. It is mainly an Alpine mountain system (central part) with four main passes: Oberalp, St. Gotthard, Furka and Grimsel. Here are the sources of the Rhine and Rhone.

The nature of Switzerland (photos presented in the article) is magnificent, mainly due to the mountains. The central and southern part of the territory is occupied by the Alps, in the northwest is the Jura, and in the south are the Apennines. The Alps and Jura are separated by hilly plateaus with a large number of tectonic lakes. The area of ​​glaciers is 2,000 square meters. km. The height of the mountains is on average 1,700 meters. Mount Monte Rosa, which is the highest peak of the Apennines (the southern peak of Dufour), has a height of 4,634 meters.

Legend about the nature of Switzerland

According to one ancient legend, when the Lord God distributed the riches of the Earth's interior, there were not enough of them for the country located in the very center of Europe. In order to correct such injustice, the Lord gave Switzerland high mountains with shining glaciers, rushing waterfalls, picturesque valleys, beautiful rivers and azure lakes. This is how the unusually beautiful Switzerland turned out. Its landscapes are magnificent in any season and in any weather.

So, the wildlife of Switzerland. What is she like?

Mount Matterhorn

This is the most famous mountain peak of the Alps, located on the border of Switzerland and Italy. The peak has the shape of an almost regular pyramid. It rises among low hills and plains, and it is this isolation that gives this mountain such charm.

The height of the Matterhorn is 4,478 meters.

The nature of Switzerland is magnificent due to the variety of landscapes. Travelers call this valley almost the most beautiful and amazing in the whole world. In fact, it is a deep crevice located between high cliffs. Its length is 8,000 meters and its width is no more than a kilometer. From this place you can see three beautiful mountain peaks - Eiger, Mönch and Jungfrau (translated - Ogre, Monk and Virgin).

The peculiarity of the valley lies in its numerous waterfalls. And the name Lauterbrunnen in translation means “many springs”. There are 72 waterfalls in total, and all of them are stunning in their beauty.

It is impossible to imagine the nature of Switzerland without this lake. It is not for nothing that this country is often called “the country of mountains and lakes.” And indeed it is. In addition to the mountains that occupy most of its territory, there are more than 1,500 lakes of extraordinary beauty. The largest in the Swiss Alps and the second largest among freshwater bodies of Central Europe is Lake Geneva. Locals often call it Leman. It lies in the floodplain of the river. Rhone.

The lake fascinates with its amazing pristine beauty and unusually clear water. The Alps reliably shelter the reservoir from the wind, thanks to which the water surface is almost unshakable, and the peaks of the mountains and all the surrounding nature are clearly reflected in it, along with houses and medieval castles, comfortably nestled on the mountain slopes. The lake, stretched out in the shape of a crescent, is located on the border with France (or rather, the border runs through its center).

Vegetable world

The nature of Switzerland is rich in vegetation. The Swiss plateau extends in a zone of deciduous forests. Oaks and beeches predominate here, sometimes pine trees are mixed in with them. Chestnut is typical for the southern slopes of the Alps. Further in height, coniferous forests grow, representing a transition zone between the alpine meadows located above and deciduous forests.

There are many different bright colors in the mountains. Daffodils and crocuses bloom in the spring, edelweiss, rhododendrons, gentians and saxifrages in the summer.

Animal world

The fauna, unlike the flora, is greatly depleted due to human economic activities. The most common inhabitants are the mountain hare and snow partridge. And animals characteristic of the upper tier of mountains, such as marmot, roe deer and chamois, are much less common.

Near the border with Austria there is a Swiss national park inhabited by chamois and roe deer, and foxes and alpine goats are a little less common. Here you can also find white partridge and several species of birds of prey.

Finally

One interesting fact should be noted. Scientists say that the Swiss Alps are still in the process of formation. According to research, the height of the mountains increases by one millimeter every year.

It is impossible to describe all the natural attractions of this small European state. The Rhine Falls, the Aletsch Glacier - these are not all the natural wonders of Switzerland.