Walking along the ancient streets of any locality, you are once again convinced that the architecture of a historical city is art. 9th grade is the time when every student has the opportunity to study an interesting course “World Art Culture”. It is within its framework that we become acquainted with this topic. What is special about the architecture of the historical and modern city? This will be discussed in our article.
City and urban planning
The city is the greatest creation of the human mind, the main engine in the development of any region, country, state. It is in cities that the most brilliant minds are concentrated, generating new ideas and inventions.
The city differs from other settlements in a number of certain characteristics. The science of urbanism studies them. But the theory and practice of planning, as well as city development, is already a field of interest for urban planning.
Urban planning is the activity of developing and creating urban systems, their reconstruction and improving human living space.
Architecture of a historical city ("Art", 9th grade)
What is a “historic city”? What are its characteristic features and how does it differ from the modern one?
The Law “On the Protection and Use of Immovable Monuments of History and Culture” interprets this concept as follows: a historical city is a village in which a large number of cultural heritage objects are located. These can be ancient archaeological sites, sculptural monuments, and elements of ancient buildings.
In historical cities, as a rule, there are numerous cultural objects that have a certain value for society: historical, aesthetic, etc. Another distinctive feature of such settlements is that within their boundaries the ancient (historical) layout of streets and squares has been preserved.
It is important to note that a historical city is not only about its architecture, but also about its population. That is, people with their own set of traditions, customs, and outlook on life. Using this term allows us to consider a specific city as a historical, national and regional phenomenon.
The topic “Architecture of a Historic City” is studied in the 9th grade of high school, as part of the course “MHC” (world artistic culture).
In Russia today there are 41 settlements with the status of a historical city. Among them are Moscow, Derbent, Kostroma, Suzdal and others.
Architecture of the historical city: main features
Architecture is the most useful form of art. Man began to build homes for himself since ancient times. To do this, he used the materials that were available in a certain area. For security purposes, villages were surrounded by ramparts or walls and wicker fences.
The architecture of a historical city in the West differs significantly from the layout of the eastern ones, or the latter fit as organically as possible into the natural landscape, closely tied to the surrounding countryside. At the same time, the aesthetic aspect was considered an important factor when choosing a location for the future city. After all, in ancient chronicles one can often find similar sayings: “... and seeing the place is red, and having loved it, let the city burn on it.”
The architecture of the historical city in the East also differs in certain features. In the center of the eastern settlement, a square with a mosque and a madrasah - a school for training teachers and ministers - was established. An important place in the city's planning was also given to the caravanserai - a place for street trading.
Layout of European historical cities
The traditions of urban planning during Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were different. A striking example of an ancient city in Europe can be considered In those distant times, any settlement began with the construction of a magnificent temple on an elevated place. Streets were laid around this holy hill, the layout of which was rectangular.
A typical medieval city is a village surrounded by powerful fortifications with battlements and ditches filled with water. In the center of such a fortified city, a cathedral and the main town hall were built.
During the Renaissance, cities were built according to a new scheme. The streets were located perpendicular to each other, and at the end of the most important of them there were always some outstanding or entire ensembles of majestic buildings. By the way, the Russian city of St. Petersburg was built using exactly this algorithm.
Features of the architecture of a modern city
Modern architecture uses completely new principles and forms of organizing free space. Thus, at the beginning of the twentieth century, new styles appeared in architecture - constructivism and functionalism, which strived for maximum simplification of buildings and structures.
Today, typical and very similar residential buildings are being built in cities. If previously the tallest spiers in cities were the spiers of Gothic cathedrals, today they are office towers made of glass and concrete. New building materials make it possible to make all erected structures as light as possible.
How does modern architecture affect a person’s emotional and mental state? Many scientists argue that it is extremely negative, emphasizing that it has already completely lost its status in the spiritual and aesthetic sphere of human life. Indeed, it is very difficult to enjoy the architecture of the 21st century. Faceless gray buildings, traffic jams, long concrete fences, an acute shortage of vegetation - all this, according to psychologists, creates an unfavorable, aggressive environment for human life.
Conclusion
Now you know how the architecture of the historical city differs. “Art in stone and volume” - this is how the process of building cities and villages is poetically described. This is truly an art that requires significant creative effort and great knowledge.
The architecture of a historical city (grade 9) is an extremely interesting topic. The process of planning and building settlements differed significantly in different historical eras.
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Item: art
Class 9
Topic and number in the section: Lesson 18 in the section “The Gift of Creation”, topic: “Architecture of a historical city.”
Basic tutorial: G.P. Sergeeva, I, K. Kashekova, E.D. Kritskaya “Art”, M.: “Enlightenment”. 2011
Target: To familiarize students with the characteristic features of urban planning of different eras and times.
Tasks:
- Educational: introduce students to the characteristic features of urban planning of different eras and times;
- Educational: develop cognitive processes: memory, thinking, observation, attention, ability to analyze, draw conclusions, ability to express one’s statements, develop oral speech skills, communication skills.
- Educational: education of aesthetic taste, respect for world history and traditions.
Lesson type: lesson - acquiring new titles.
Form of work for students: frontal, individual, group.
Required technical equipment: computer, projector, screen, speakers.
Lesson outline plan
Stage |
Stage task |
Learning task |
Material |
Teacher action |
Student action |
Introduction |
Self-determination in activity |
Highlight the features of city plans of different eras |
Renaissance music, bell ringing, oriental melodies. Engravings |
It is proposed to consider various layouts - schemes of cities of different eras: Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, Old Russian city |
Work in groups. (5-7min) They compare layouts - diagrams, analyze: an ancient temple (Acropolis of Athens), a medieval city, a Western European city, a medieval city of Rus'. The essential features of each city and their features and differences are highlighted. (5-7 min.) |
Exposition |
Construction of a project for solving an educational problem |
Identify architectural views that have a great emotional impact on a person. |
It is proposed to compare the features of cities in different eras: Ancient times, Antiquity, the Middle Ages of Western Europe, the Middle Ages in Rus', the Middle Ages in the East, the Renaissance. |
Work in groups. (5-7 min.) Compare the architecture of historical cities of different eras and styles: Architecture of the Moscow Kremlin (presentation). The architecture of an eastern city (presentation), a Western European city (presentation). Select poems dedicated to the sights of any city in the world (homemade preparations) (5-7 min.) |
|
Climax |
Solving a learning problem |
Essential features of synthetic arts in urban planning |
Table “Peculiarities of the architecture of historical cities” |
Guides students to reveal the emotional perception of ancient cities, fortresses, shopping areas, religious buildings through the artistic works of artists and musicians who sang the beauty of ancient cities. |
Work in groups (5-7 min.) Examine ancient engravings. They contain ancient fortresses, shopping areas, wide avenues and narrow streets. . In creative notebooks (10 min.) Write down in your workbooks your understanding and statement “Architecture is frozen music, and “Architecture is an echoed melody.” What do architecture and music have in common? |
Solving a learning problem in a new situation |
Use new knowledge in new conditions |
Suggests: using pen and ink, draw a plan diagram of a medieval city, oriental or European city with their characteristic features |
Practical work. (individual) (15 min.) Draw on sheet A4 a graphic representation of the plan - a diagram of a medieval city, an eastern or a European city with their characteristic features of your choice. Discussion, analysis of works. Questions to consolidate the material. |
Task No. 1
Compare layout plans and find the difference between an ancient temple (Acropolis of Athens), a medieval city, a Western European city, and a medieval city in Rus'. Highlight the essential features of each city and their features.
Task No. 2
Select poems dedicated to the sights of any city in the world (homemade preparations)
Task No. 3
Work in creative notebooks:
Looking at old engravings. They contain ancient fortresses, shopping areas, wide avenues and narrow streets.
Write down your understanding of the statements: “Architecture is frozen music”, “Architecture is an echoed melody”.
Find out what architecture and music have in common.
They express their thoughts (orally) about what music and architecture have in common. Share their impressions.
Practical work individual (15 min.)
Draw out a graphical representation of the plan diagram on sheet A4. Convey the characteristic features of a Russian, European and eastern, medieval city (optional).
Discussion, analysis of works.
Questions to consolidate the material: What is the difference between the architecture of historical cities?
- Antique,
- Russian,
- Western European,
- Eastern
Assessment: Based on the results of work in groups and for individual practical work.
Material used in the lesson:
- Presentation “Architecture of Historic Cities”
- Photos of characteristic medieval towns
- Reproductions of ancient engravings
- Renaissance music, bell ringing, Eastern melodies
Architecture (Latin architectura) is the art of designing and constructing buildings and structures that organize the spatial environment, the art of shaping this environment for people’s life and activities, delivering aesthetic pleasure. One of the most useful arts for human life is architecture. If we compare architecture with other arts, then music is closest to it in terms of convention. After all, music, like architecture and mathematics, has no analogues in the surrounding world - its form is abstract. Was this the basis for the constant comparison of architecture with music? F. Schelling called architecture “frozen music”; “resounding melody” - I.-V. Goethe.
Many composers were keen connoisseurs of architecture. Since ancient times, man has learned to build a home for himself. For this purpose, natural materials were used, which were rich in the surrounding area. A large number of houses formed settlements. To protect themselves from enemies, settlements were surrounded by walls, fenced with a fence or a palisade, a wattle fence or a wooden wall. Therefore, the Russian word “city” originally meant “fortification” and came from the expressions “to enclose”, “to enclose with a fence”, “to fence around”.
The planning and construction of cities is one of the areas of architecture, it is called “urban planning”. The layout of cities in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and ancient Russian cities differed in many ways.
In Antiquity, a temple complex was built on a fortified hill. An example is the Athens Acropolis - the political, religious, cultural center of the city. It was a landmark among the rectangular grid of streets below.
Each medieval city was fenced with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep moat, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. The fortified city had defensive significance; to take possession of its gates meant to take possession
the whole city. Unlike the Western European city, enclosed within high stone walls that once and for all defined its boundaries, the city of medieval Rus' was fused with nature and its rural surroundings. The Russian city and its defensive fortifications were built taking into account the conditions of the natural landscape. An important role in choosing the location for the future city was played by the aesthetic sense of the people. The chronicles have preserved many stories containing the following messages: “and you saw a red and forested place on the mountain... And having loved that place, you thought that a small city would burn on it” (Ipatiev Chronicle). The city usually grew on an elevated place. The central place in its composition and silhouette was occupied by the detinets (from the 14th century - the Kremlin). It was the inner core of the city’s fortifications; people went under its protection after the fall of the outer defense belt. The largest, monumental buildings were concentrated in the Kremlin - the cathedral and the palace.
A typical example is the plan of ancient Moscow.
The center of the Western European city was the cathedral. The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby. The streets flowed towards them tangentially from the city gates. The feudal castle was located outside the city limits. The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which a madrasah was built - a higher school that trained clergy, teachers, etc. Next to the mosque there were towering
minarets - towers from which Muslims were called to prayer. An important role in the architectural composition of the city was played by the ruler's palace and the trading part - the caravanserai, the bazaar (trading domes). Roads ran from the square to the city gates. In peacetime, caravans from all over the world walked along them to the city; in wartime, soldiers moved.
During the Renaissance, architects again turned to the ancient tradition of town planning: at the end of wide straight streets, some kind of architectural ensemble was necessarily located, defining the majesty of the perspective.
St. Petersburg was built on the same principle. It was built according to a plan drawn up in advance and carefully verified by Peter I. Streets and avenues in the central part of the city
Architecture of historical cities Verification work.
Art. 9th grade
1.Architecture (lat. Architectura) – art………. and build buildings, ……, organizing the spatial environment, the art of shaping this environment for ….. and ……… people, giving …….. pleasure. Fill in the missing words.
2.What does the word mean? “city” and why our ancestors “fenced” it.
4.Each medieval city had mandatory defensive structures. Name at least 4 - 5 such structures.
Medieval Western Europe
5. Which building was always located in the center of the medieval city? Why?
6.What was the eastern city like? What did it look like and how was it different from the Western one in the Middle Ages?
Eastern medieval city
7.What is the name of the building in the photo. Give its description.
Cities of medieval Rus'
Modern aerial photography
8. N Name the city and describe its layout.
9. Cities of medieval Rus'
4…….
2………………
1………
5……….
9. Label the names on the city map.
Saint Petersburg
Moscow
10. How are these city planning schemes different?
Where did Moscow begin?
11.Describe the Moscow Kremlin under Ivan Kalita.
Where did Moscow begin?
12.What has changed in the Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy?
Where did Moscow begin?
13.How Ivan the Third decorated and expanded the capital.
14.Name from 5 to 10 objects of modern Moscow known to you.
- 1……………
- 2……………
- 3……………
- 4……………
- 5……………
- 6……………
The arts are architecture.
If we compare architecture with other arts, then in terms of convention, music is closest to it. After all, music, like architecture and mathematics, has no analogues in the surrounding world - its form is abstract. Was this the basis for the constant comparison of architecture with music? F. Schelling called architecture “frozen music”; “resounding melody” - I.-V. Goethe. Many composers were keen connoisseurs of architecture.
Each medieval city was fenced with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep moat, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. The fortified city had defensive significance; capturing its gates meant capturing the entire city.
Unlike the Western European city, enclosed within high stone walls that once and for all defined its boundaries, the city of medieval Rus' was fused with nature and its rural surroundings. The Russian city and its defensive fortifications were built taking into account the conditions of the natural landscape. An important role in choosing the location for the future city was played by the aesthetic sense of people.
The chronicles have preserved many stories containing the following messages: “and I saw a red and forested place on the mountain. . . And having loved that place and thought, let the small city burn on it” (Ipatiev Chronicle).
The city usually grew on an elevated place. The central place in its composition and silhouette was occupied by the detinets (from the 14th century - the Kremlin). It was the inner core of the city’s fortifications; people went under its protection after the fall of the outer defense belt. The largest, monumental buildings were concentrated in the Kremlin - the cathedral and the palace. A typical example is the plan of ancient Moscow.
The center of the Western European city was the cathedral. The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby. The streets flowed towards them tangentially from the city gates. The feudal castle was located outside the city limits.
The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which a madrasah was built - a higher school that trained clergy, teachers, etc.
Next to the mosque stood minarets - towers from which Muslims were called to prayer. An important role in the architectural composition of the city was played by the ruler's palace and the trading part - the caravanserai, the bazaar (trading domes). Roads ran from the square to the city gates. In peacetime, caravans from all over the world walked along them to the city; in wartime, soldiers moved.
During the Renaissance, architects again turned to the ancient tradition of town planning: at the end of wide straight streets some kind of architectural ensemble was necessarily located, defining the majesty of the perspective.
St. Petersburg was built on the same principle. It was built according to a plan drawn up in advance and carefully verified by Peter I. The streets and avenues in the central part of the city converge like a trident to the squares.
Find in the textterms , which are related to architecture and urban planning.
Explain their meaning using art dictionaries.
Look at old engravings. Find on them images of fortresses, defensive structures, residential areas, shopping areas, religious buildings. Describe them verbally.
Find poems about the two capitals of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg, dedicated to the architectural sights of these cities. Read them to your classmates.
How do you understand the meaning of the expressions: “Architecture is frozen music” and “Architecture is a faded melody”? What do music and architecture have in common?
Artistic and creative task
Using pen and ink, draw a plan diagram of a medieval city. Convey the characteristic features of a Russian, European and eastern medieval city (optional).
Sergeeva G. P., Art. 8-9 grades: textbook. for general education institutions / G. P. Sergeeva, I. E. Kashekova, E. D. Kritskaya. - M.: Education, 2009. - 190 pp.: ill.
Library with textbooks and books for download free online, Art for 9th grade download, school art curriculum, lesson plan plans
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