Where is the golf stream located? What is the Gulf Stream? Gulf Stream current on the map of Europe

Giving away your warmth along the way.

1. Route

Gulf Stream flow diagram

The current extends 10 thousand km from the coast of the Florida peninsula to the islands of Svalbard and Novaya Zemlya. It begins in the Gulf of Mexico with the sewage waters of the Antilles Current, passes through the Straits of Florida, and, diverted by the Grand Bahama Bank on the left and receiving the waters of the Antilles Current, flows along the US coastline into the Newfoundland Banks. The current carries huge masses of free-floating algae of the genus Sargassum and thermophilic tropical fish (also flying fish). Off the coast of Florida, a clear current boundary contrasts the blue (indigo-colored) warm waters from the greenish-gray coastal cool, but more oxygenated, waters.

On the southern edge of the Newfoundland Bank, the cold Labrador Current approaches the Gulf Stream from the north, at the border of which mixing and subsidence of surface waters occurs. Cold northern air masses also occur here, which cause fog to dominate.

After passing the Newfoundland Bank (at about 40 west longitude), the Gulf Stream itself turns into the North Atlantic Current, which, under the influence of western and southwestern winds, crosses the ocean from east to west, gradually changing direction off the coast of Europe to the northeast. When crossing the Atlantic Ocean at about 40 West longitude 50 North latitude, it is divided into two:

The main flow of the North Atlantic Current is directed into the Norwegian Sea and further north along the western coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula under the name of the Norwegian Current. In the northern part of Scandinavia, a branch is separated from the flow - the North Cape Current, which is directed east by the southern part of the Barents Sea.

The main flow of the Norway Current continues north, where it passes along the western shores of Spitsbergen under the name of the Spitsbergen Current. North of Spitsbergen, the water currents plunge to depth and can be traced in the Arctic Ocean under the cold and desalinated surface waters as a warm and salty intermediate current.

Warm waters, gradually cooling along the route, fall down and again head south. There they warm up again, rise to the surface and return to the north.

2. Reasons for education

The reason for the appearance of the current is a large surge of water caused by trade winds through the Yucatan Strait to the Gulf of Mexico. This is what causes a significant difference in water levels between the bay and the adjacent part of the Atlantic Ocean. At the outlet to the ocean, the power of the current is 25 million m/s (2160 km per day), which is 20 times higher than the flow of all rivers on the globe. In the ocean, the current connects with the Antilles Current, and the power of the Gulf Stream increases and at 38 northern latitude reaches 82 million m / s. One of the features of the Gulf Stream is that, in violation of the general pattern of movement in the Northern Hemisphere, the current at the outlet to the ocean is deviated not to the right under the influence of the Coriolis force, but to the left. This is due to the increased ocean water level in the anticyclonic region in the subtropical part of the Atlantic Ocean and the ponding of water at the exit from the Gulf of Mexico.

Global warming is weakening the flow due to an increase in the volume of fresh meltwater from glaciers in Greenland and the Arctic, as well as Russian rivers flowing into the North Atlantic. The latter reduce the salinity of the water, which makes it difficult for cold water to descend and, as a result, slows down the mechanism that sets the current in motion.

3. Water characteristics

Temperature map of the Atlantic. Warm waters are indicated in red

When leaving the Gulf of Mexico into the Strait of Florida, the speed of water movement reaches 80 - 120 nautical miles per day (5-9 km/h). Surface water temperature is 27 C, salinity is 36.5. In the ocean, the Gulf Stream also moves at a speed of 6 km/h (sometimes up to 10 km/h) in a northerly direction, along the edge of the North American continental shelf, and at Cape Gateras it deviates to the northeast, towards the Newfoundland Banks. Here its speed decreases to 3-4 km/hour. The width of the current in the south is 75 km, at Cape Gateras - 110-120 km. The thickness of the stream is 700-800 m, gradually decreasing to the north. During its movement, the Gulf Stream forms numerous meanders, and in the stream itself, cyclic gyres develop at the eastern border, which can separate and independently move north.

The Gulf Stream carries a large supply of heat and salts. The average annual water temperature on the surface is 25-26 C, at depths of 400 m the temperature is 10-12 C. Salinity is 36.2-36.4, the maximum is 36.5, observed at a depth of 200 m.

The water flow of the Gulf Stream is 50 million m/s with a thermal power of 1.4 10 15 Watt. This is equal to the power of 1 million modern nuclear power plants.

4. Influence

The Gulf Stream influences the climate of the east coast of North America from Florida to Newfoundland, and the west coast of Europe. The Gulf Stream warm current system also significantly influences the hydrological and biological characteristics of both the seas and the Arctic Ocean itself. Masses of warm water heat the air masses above them and are transported to Europe by westerly winds. Deviations of air temperature from the average latitude values in January in Norway reach 15-20 C, in Murmansk - more than 11 C.

5. Dependence on winds

Changes in the temperature of the water in the stream are closely dependent on fluctuations in the strength of trade winds, which drive warm tropical waters into the Gulf of Mexico. The strengthening of the northeast trade wind affects the increase in the temperature of the Gulf Stream after 3-6 months, and the strengthening of the southeast trade wind - after 6-9 months. Following the increase in temperature, periods of cooling occur, due to the fact that the strengthening of trade winds simultaneously leads to cooling of the ocean surface. Off the coast of Africa, cold waters rise from the depths. Periods of decrease in Gulf Stream temperature occur 9-11 months after the strengthening of the northeast trade wind and 10-12 months after the strengthening of the southeast trade wind.

6. Research

The current was discovered in the year by the Spanish expedition of Ponce de Leon. The first studies of the current began with the increase in shipping off the coast of North America in the 18th century. In the year Benjamin Franklin became interested in the fact that mail ships from England travel to America by the northern route several weeks longer than by the southern route. The map he compiled was published this year in England, this year in France, and this year in the USA. It was he who gave the current its name - “current from the bay” (eng. Gulf Stream ).

Systematic research of the Gulf Stream began in the middle of the 20th century. For the first time, a significant decrease in current power was recorded in the year. Now scientists are trying to figure out whether the power weakening process is short-term or long-term. Krmmel, Die Atlantischen Meeresstrmmungen ("Zeitschr. F. Wissenschaftliche Geographie", 4 Jahrgang) ()

(English) Bartlett, Proceedings of the US Navy Inst, vol. 7 (1889);

(English) Papers on the eastern and northern extensions of the Gulf-Stream (1889);

(French) Pouchet, "Expriences sur les courants de l"Atlantique nord" (1889).

6.2. Anomalies 2010

In the spring and summer of the year, anomalies were recorded in the Gulf Stream pattern. Based on the available satellite data, Dr. Gianluigi Zangara, a theoretical physicist from the National Institute of Nuclear Physics of Italy, notes that the power of the current has decreased significantly, and discontinuities are observed. He connects this with the accident at an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico. The current in the bay closed on itself, due to which the influx of warm water to the Gulf Stream decreased significantly

Notes

Risk of global climate change by BP oil spill - www.associazionegeofisica.it / OilSpill.pdf / / report by theoretical physicist Gianluigi Zangara for the Frascati National Laboratories (LNF), National Institute of Nuclear Physics of Italy - INFN). (English)

Literature

(Russian) Gershman I. G. Gulf Stream and its influence on climate, "Meteorology and Hydrology", 1939, No. 7-8.
(Russian) Shuleikin V.V., Physics of the sea, 3rd ed., M., 1953.
(Russian) Samoilov K. I. Marine Dictionary. - M.-L.: State Naval Publishing House of the NKVMF of the USSR, 1941.
(Russian) Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia, ed. prof. A. P. Gorkin. Rosman, 2006.
(Russian) Stommel G. Gulf Stream, per. from English, M., 1963.

Everyone knows from school that the Gulf Stream warms entire continents. So imagine what will happen when it completely changes direction. Now this process is underway and this explains many natural disasters...

Scientists have confirmed that the famous ocean current, the Gulf Stream, has finally changed its direction. Now it does not reach Spitsbergen, but turns towards Greenland, which contributes to warmer weather on the American continent, but “freezes” northern Siberia.

The shutdown of the Gulf Stream was first reported by Dr. Dr. Gianluigi Zangari, a theoretical physicist at the Frascati Institute in Italy, in a journal article on June 12, 2010. The article is based on satellite data from the Colorado Aerodynamic Research Center, coordinated with the US Navy's National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . The author pointed out the stopping of the rotation of water flows in the Gulf of Mexico and the breaking of the Gulf Stream into parts. Subsequently, the images were changed on the server of the Colorado Aerodynamic Research Center and now it is difficult to say by whom and when.

How did the current go?

The cold and denser Labrador Current “dived” under the warm and lighter Gulf Stream, without preventing it from warming Europe, reaching Murmansk. Then the Labrador Current “surfaced” off the coast of Spain under the name of the cold Canary Current, crossed the Atlantic, reached the Caribbean Sea, heated up and, passing through a loop in the Gulf of Mexico, already under the name of the Gulf Stream, freely rushed back to the North.

The Gulf Stream was part of the thermohaline circulation system, a key element in the planet's thermal regulation. It separated England and Ireland from becoming a glacier.

Smoothed out the climate in the Scandinavian countries.

After Dr. Zangari's message, the Canadian Parliament created a commission to find out the real state of affairs with the Gulf Stream near the coast of the state. It was headed by the famous US oceanologist Ronald Rabbit, a technologist for processing the biomass of the World Ocean and improving the environment. A special dye that does not harm the flora and fauna of the ocean was poured into containers that exploded at a certain depth and, thus, the flow of movement of water masses was tracked. The Gulf Stream was not discovered as an existing current.

But, as it turned out, the self-regulating system called the Earth “worked” this time too. According to research, the current “crept” 800 miles (1,481 kilometers) east of the former Gulf Stream zone. According to satellite images, the temperature of this current has increased relative to the Gulf Stream. This means that the evaporation rate in the warm zone above the ocean has increased.

Consequences of stopping the Gulf Stream for Russia

A group of Russian scientists, led by Valery Karnaukhov, deputy director of the Institute of Cell Biophysics in Pushchino, on instructions from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations in April 2000, calculated the scenario according to which events in Russia would develop. The script turned out to be much more dramatic than Emmerich's.

So, suppose the Gulf Stream has risen, warm water does not flow into the Arctic, and the Arctic is increasingly covered in ice. Eventually, a huge ice dam forms along the northern coast of Russia. A dam against which the most powerful Siberian rivers rest: Yenisei, Lena, Ob and so on. At the end of the 20th century, the flood of the Lena, which did not have time to break up from the ice in time, led to a real disaster and actually destroyed the city of Lensk. After the formation of the Siberian ice dam, this “on time” will no longer happen. Every year, ice jams on rivers will become more powerful, and spills will become more extensive.

After this, it will begin to flow into Europe through the Turgai depression, located in the eastern part of the Ural Mountains. The resulting stream will wash away a 40-meter layer of soil and expose the granite bottom of the hollow. As the channel expands and deepens, the level of the young sea will eventually drop to 90 meters. Excess water will fill the Turan Lowland, the Aral Sea will merge with the Caspian Sea, and the level of the latter will rise by more than 80 meters. Then the water along the Kuma-Manych depression will spill into the Don. These will actually be the greatest Siberian rivers turned towards Europe, and not some pitiful 7% of the Ob, which, in the case of the famous project, were supposed to water the whole of Central Asia, but 100% of the same Ob and 100% of the Yenisei.

The Central Asian republics will find themselves under water, and the Don will turn into the deepest river in the world, next to which the Amazon or Amur will look like foolish streams. The width of the stream will reach 50 kilometers or more. The level of the Azov Sea will rise so much that it will flood the Crimean Peninsula and merge with the Black Sea. Then the water will flow through the Bosphorus into the Mediterranean Sea. But Bosphorus cannot cope with such volumes. The Krasnodar region, part of Turkey and almost all of Bulgaria will go under water. Scientists set aside 50-70 years for everything. By this time, the northern part of Russia, the Scandinavian countries, the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, almost all of Great Britain, most of Germany and France will be covered in ice.

The slowing Gulf Stream is the cause of weather anomalies

Senior researcher at the Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, climatologist Alexey Karnaukhov explained what causes weather anomalies and climate changes on our planet.

What's happening to our climate? Why does it rain in Russia in January, but in America it snows?

— Question to Armenian radio: “Where did the Russian winter go? It went to America to work.” It's a joke. To be serious, we are developing several processes in the Earth's climate. The first main process, against the background of which all the others unfold, is global warming associated with the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Over the past 100 years, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 40 percent, almost one and a half times. This figure exceeded a significant value of 400 ppm, the so-called 400 parts per million. The pre-industrial value was approximately 280 ppm. Such a significant increase significantly changes the thermal balance of our planet. If it were not for the influence of the world ocean, the temperature rise on our planet today would be 10 degrees compared to the pre-industrial era.

Those same 10 degrees in 2010, 30 records were set that year, and in fact, this was due to the fact that the air masses were formed in such a way that the sea could no longer cool those air masses that were over the territory of Russia. And this is very important, because such abnormal heat waves will be repeated more often every year. They will have a greater significance of these anomalies, and let's say, in 30-40 years we may no longer have 40 degrees in Moscow, as in 2010, but all 50. At the same time, a process is developing that is a consequence of global warming.

- This is a change in the direction of currents in the World Ocean. The fact is that all the variety of currents that we observe in the seas and oceans today was formed from certain climatic conditions, the climate is changing, the distribution of heat is changing, wind flows are changing, the pattern of currents is changing.

In particular, a very important current for the entire climate of Europe, Russia and America is the Gulf Stream, which may stop as a result of global warming. The mechanism for stopping the Gulf Stream is described in my 1994 paper.

Tell us briefly what it looks like...

- Very simple. As a result of global warming, Arctic glaciers are melting, in particular the glaciers of Greenland, which have stored huge amounts of fresh water. Because of this, the water in the Arctic Ocean becomes fresher in such a cold current as the Labrador Current, which originates in the Arctic Basin, and this current also becomes fresher. Moving head-on to the Gulf Stream, at one moment it can block the path of the Gulf Stream to the north. They are currently found in the Newfoundland Bank area.

Today, while the Gulf Stream is still working, the Labrador Current, despite the fact that it is already fresher, dives under the Gulf Stream, prevents it from moving north and warms all of Europe, Russia and even all of Asia and America. Therefore, we have a relatively favorable climate.

Now we are observing instability of the Gulf Stream in the form of anomalies (warmth in Russia, abnormal cold in the USA). In my opinion, this is due to the unevenness of the Gulf Stream.

This is a common property of such complex systems; at the bifurcation point, fluctuations in them increase, that is, roughly speaking, a car whose carburetor is clogged or runs out of gasoline will drive jerkily before it finally stops. In the same way, the Gulf Stream, before it stops, it begins to move in such jerks.

For example, in the fall, winter arrived a little earlier in Siberia. Because of this, northern deliveries were disrupted in a number of regions. And even earlier, in May, snow fell in Spain. There was snow in Cairo, and for some time the Venetian canals were under ice.

The Gulf Stream brings us a huge number of such anomalies, and this is very dangerous.

To understand recent events in the world, you need to clearly understand two things. The US dollar is not a government currency at all, but the money of a private firm called the Federal Reserve System (FRS). And secondly, in the coming years there will be a catastrophic deterioration of the climate on both sides of the North Atlantic.

And these things are strictly interconnected. There is no political chaos. There are clear actions by the Federal Reserve on the future structure of planet Earth after the cold snap in the United States and Western Europe. Exactly where the so-called golden billion now lives happily.

The warm and comfortable climate of the USA and Western Europe is 90% due to the action of the Gulf Stream ocean current, carrying 50 million cubic meters. m of warm water per second. Its capacity is equivalent to one million nuclear power plants. This “thermal additive” increases the temperature in Europe and the USA by 8-10 degrees. The action of the Gulf Stream creates exceptional conditions for agriculture in these territories. Grain yields in non-chernozem Germany, France, Great Britain, and Sweden range from 60 to 85 centners per hectare. And in black earth Ukraine only 24 centners are harvested, in non-black earth Russia - 12-15 centners/ha. In Europe and the USA there are no spring frosts that destroy crops. Today, the USA and Canada export 100 million tons of grain, and Western Europe - 50 million tons per year. The yield of agricultural crops there depends only 5% on the climate, while in our country it depends on 50%.

The favorable warm climate, the absence of permafrost and soil freezing allow us to save trillions of dollars on infrastructure and its operation. A huge amount of fuel and electricity, building materials, and insulation materials are saved. There is no need to build powerful heating plants and heating mains. The population saves on warm clothes and no need to eat more high-calorie foods. Due to the absence of deadly freezing-thawing processes, roads last ten times longer. Light houses are being built from cheap materials. Remember the standard scene from Hollywood action films, how some Rimbaud punches through the wall of a house. And this is not fantasy. There is no need for strong walls there. Warm. This comrade would try to break through the four-brick wall of our house.

In general, the Gulf Stream for Europe and the USA is a royal gift to their economies and populations. Live for yourself and enjoy. But then a major disaster happened. The “free” Gulf Stream began to act up. The weather kitchen is located in the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean. The role of the heating system is played by the warm ocean current Gulf Stream, which is often called the “stove of Europe”.

Now the picture of ocean currents looks like this - the cold and denser Labrador Current “dives” under the warm and lighter Gulf Stream, without preventing it from warming Europe. Then the Labrador Current “surfaces” off the coast of Spain under the name of the cold Canary Current, crosses the Atlantic, reaches the Caribbean Sea, heats up and, now called the Gulf Stream, freely rushes back to the North. Not the “greenhouse effect”, not “ozone holes”, not man-made activities of mankind, but the density of Labrador waters is a key factor in the well-being of the world. Currently, the density of the waters of the Labrador Current is only one tenth of a percent higher than the density of the waters of the Gulf Stream.

Only 0.1%, and as a result - palm trees in London, beaches of the Cote d'Azur, ice-free fjords of Norway and year-round navigation in the Barents Sea
As soon as the Labrador Current becomes equal in density to the Gulf Stream, it will rise to the surface of the ocean and block the Gulf Stream's northward movement. The great interconnected "figure eight" of ocean currents will turn into two circular currents characteristic of the ice age. The Gulf Stream will head towards Spain and begin to circulate in a small circle, the cold Labrador Current will break through to Europe, which will immediately begin to freeze.

Data on previous cold snaps obtained by drilling ice in Greenland show that this will happen almost instantly, even by the standards of human life. From three to ten years for the entire process - and the Gulf Stream will be “turned off”. The air temperature in Europe will become Siberian in a few short years. Living in Europe, Canada and the USA will become unbearable. Today there are palm trees in London, and tomorrow Britain will be buried in snow, frosts will reach -40°C, and even reindeer will refuse to live there. And who would have imagined that an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and the massive use of dispersants would affect the speed of the Gulf Stream.

According to the latest satellite data, the North Atlantic Current no longer exists in its previous form. The Norwegian Current disappeared along with it.

As a result of the cold snap and inevitable food shortages, each person in the “golden billion” will have to spend 3-4 thousand dollars more a year. This is 3-4 trillion. dollars. To adapt the infrastructure, you will need 15-20 trillion, to maintain it in working condition in the winter - another couple of trillions of “green” ones.

But that's not the worst thing. We will have to get the missing heat from somewhere to warm a billion people in winter and feed these “golden ones.” Now the USA and Europe export 150 million tons of grain per year, they will have to buy approximately the same amount of grain somewhere. So began the feverish secret preparations for climate collapse.

Even 3-4 years ago, the exodus of the mini-rich began - only “middle-class” millionaires left the United States - those who, despite having relatively big money, still do not solve really serious issues. Now the hyper-rich have taken up the baton. American super-oligarchs (attention!) of non-Jewish origin are buying land in Chile and Argentina. Among them (reliably) are the Rockefellers, Ted Turner, Holdren, Fords and others.......

What do they know? About stopping the Gulf Stream or about the imminent explosion of the Yellowstone volcano?...

And what should we expect...what awaits us is either DROUGHT and heat, or ICE and freezing......or maybe a flood?

Gulf Stream This is a “river” of warm water that moved across the Atlantic Ocean, reached Murmansk and warmed Europe with its heat, while protecting it from the polar winds.

The Gulf Stream has stopped, and it acts as a thermostat for our planet. It prevents Europe from freezing and Scandinavia from turning into a glacial world. Due to recent events, everything has changed. Now the thermohaline circulation system is gradually dying and will soon disappear completely.

Explosion in the Gulf of Mexico

The culprit of the tragedy was the oil producing company British Petroleum (BP), where in April last year an explosion occurred on the Deepwater Horizon oil platform located in the Gulf of Mexico as a result of negligence. The consequences were simply terrible. For five months, the damaged Macondo well leaked uncontrolled oil, the total amount of which amounted to about 4.9 million barrels.

The damage caused to the Atlantic Ocean was simply colossal. Billions of dollars were required to eliminate the consequences of the accident. Having calculated the amount of expenses to be spent on eliminating the accident and paying a federal fine (depending on the scale of pollution), the management of the company (BP) turned to Barack Obama with a request to reduce the area of the polluted ocean by sinking oil to the bottom.

The Obama administration's (BP) request was granted, resulting in the release of approximately 2 million gallons of Corexit into the Atlantic Ocean, as well as several million gallons of other dispersants, in addition to the huge amount of crude oil already spilled. When asked by journalists about how such a measure would affect the ecology of the planet, management (BP) stated that everything would be fine and there was no reason to panic.

Scientists did not take the word of the management of the British Petroleum company and conducted a very simple experiment that clearly showed what was actually happening in the Atlantic Ocean. During the experiment, a regular bath with cold water was used. By giving color to the warm streams of water, one could see the boundaries of the cold layers and warm streams. When oil was added to the bath, the boundaries of the warm water layers were broken and the flowing vortex was effectively destroyed. This experiment showed the principle of action of Corexit, which is currently slowly killing the Gulf Stream.

Before dispersants were added to the water, the causes of the disaster could have been eliminated, of course, a lot of money and time had to be spent on this, but now there is no way to do this, since at the moment there is no effective technology for cleaning the bottom of the bay. Moreover, the oil has already reached the east coast of America and then flowed into the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, where there are no prospects or possibilities for raising it to the surface and cleaning the ocean floor.

The Gulf Stream has stopped

The first to report the stoppage of the Gulf Stream was Dr. Gianluigi Zangari, a theoretical physicist at the Frascati Institute in Italy. He has been monitoring changes in the Gulf of Mexico for several years. All of his observations are based on photographs from the Colorado CCAR satellite, coordinated with the US Navy's NOAA.

After the publication of his article on irreversible changes in warm ocean currents, all photographs and maps received from CCAR were edited on the satellite's server.

Dr. Zangari is confident that the scale of pollution will only increase over time, since oil has the ability to expand, and this in turn will lead to even more severe consequences of the coming environmental disaster.

The pipeline in the Gulf of Mexico ceased to exist this fall, the latest satellite data clearly shows that the Gulf Stream is now gone, it begins to break up and die about 250 kilometers east of the North Carolina coast, despite the width of the Atlantic Ocean at this latitude exceeds 5000 km.

The picture of the near future of ecology was clearly drawn by the Russian scientist professor, author of two monographs and 130 publications in the field of physics, acoustics, geophysics, mathematics, physical chemistry, and economics Sergei Leonidovich Lopatnikov.

The influence of the Gulf Stream on climate

According to S. Lopatnikov, the abnormal heat that lasted all last summer in Moscow and central Russia, as well as floods in Central Europe and inappropriate cold in Germany and England, is only the beginning of a changing climate system directly related to the Gulf Stream.

The thermohaline water system, in which warm waters flow through cooler ones, has a major influence not only on the ocean, but also on the upper atmosphere up to seven miles high. The absence of the Gulf Stream in the eastern part of the North Atlantic disrupts the normal course of atmospheric flows, which leads to natural disasters.

Based on these considerations, in the near future we will face drought, crop failures, famine, large migrations of people from uninhabitable areas, global cooling (irony of fate - they were afraid of global warming, but waited for global cooling) and, as a result, an ice age that will first cover the territory of the North America and then smoothly move to Europe and Asia.

During global icing, if the whole process proceeds quickly, 2/3 of humanity will die, and if the rate of capture of territories by the cold is not so active, then the same 2/3 will die only within a few years.

So. If we delve even deeper into the initial forecasts for the development of the future climate, then at a glance we can safely say the following:

In the near future, an oil film will appear on the surface of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic.
Oil, artificially deposited to the bottom, will subsequently rise and become a layer between layers of water.

The first above will have two consequences:

The parameters of moisture evaporation will change, and the heat exchange between the water surface and the atmosphere will be disrupted (obviously, less evaporates, and the evaporated liquid is warmer than normal).
The dynamics of heating and cooling of water masses carried away by currents formed in the Atlantic (including in the Gulf of Mexico and near it) will change.

The second point described above will lead to two more consequences:

Due to oil in the middle layers of water, it will lose its transparency and will create the effect of a giant lens, which will cause strong heating of the liquid and air itself, inevitably leading to the death of fish, birds and animals.
The second adverse effect will be a change in the composition, color, viscosity, temperature and salinity of sea water in the Gulf of Mexico, and this will lead to a stop in the annular current. One can only guess about the consequences.

Global catastrophe

Completely new data was also obtained, based on the study of satellite images and precise mathematical analysis made by Dr. Zangari.

“Today, temperature measurements of the Gulf Stream between the 76th and 47th meridians show that it is 10 degrees Celsius colder than it was at the same time last year. Accordingly, we can talk about the presence of a direct cause-and-effect relationship between the stop of the warm Ring Current in the Gulf of Mexico and the drop in Gulf Stream temperature.” The Gulf Stream has stopped.

One can only guess - who does Barack Obama think he is, making such serious decisions alone, without consulting other states? When it comes to a global catastrophe, it is absolutely unacceptable to take into account any territorial principles.

What concerns more than one country cannot be decided by the government of that state. He not only made a decision that was disastrous for the planet, but is also an accomplice in a crime against humanity and the environment.

Update from 2014

According to the latest data, the Gulf Stream has completely disappeared. Tons of oil that entered the ocean caused a mixture of different temperature currents and destroyed the Gulf Stream, which is the “oven of Europe.” The warm and comfortable climate of Western Europe and America depended on it for 90 percent. Its waters carried 50 million m3 of warm water per second, and the flow power was equivalent to 1 million nuclear power plants.

We can already see the consequences of a global catastrophe. A series of floods, severe frosts and abnormal precipitation swept across the USA, Europe and Russia. In the summer, Europe is flooded with cold, torrential rains, while America cannot cope with abnormal heat and drought.

A warm current, once called the Gulf Stream, carried its waters to northern latitudes, changing the local climate. In the future, this could turn into another global catastrophe for humanity. Large-scale melting of centuries-old glaciers.

But he won’t think about such distant cataclysms, since we simply won’t live to see them.

It took more than three months to localize the accident on the Deepwater Horizon oil platform, during which 800,000 cubic meters of oil spilled into the ocean. The maximum damage to the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem was caused in the first days. For several more months, the liquidators of the accident tried to scoop out the rapidly spreading oil spills, but their attempts were in vain.

Giant oil lenses penetrated deep into the ocean, causing all living things beneath them to die. Seeing that it was useless to deal with the consequences of the accident using old methods, the US government, together with the cabinet of directors of the British Petroleum company, took radical measures, dumping tons of chemical reagents into the ocean that deposited oil to the bottom. Next, to destroy the oil, they decided to use the latest microorganisms specially created for this purpose.

Bacteria synthia

Since the late 80s, American geneticists have been developing artificial microorganisms that feed on hydrocarbons and are capable of absorbing petroleum products, natural gas and coal.

As a result, in 2007, Synthetic Genomics Inc. patented its development. A completely artificial bacterium called “Cynthia”.

Geneticists managed to synthesize artificial DNA and place it in a living cell, and then breed the offspring of this microorganism. The developers of Cynthia positioned their brainchild as a means of combating oil spills, but some researchers are confident that it is a biological weapon, the side effect of which is the consumption of oil. This is what they wanted to use to eliminate the consequences of the accident.

At first, synthia actually absorbed oil products, but moving deeper into the ocean, multiplying, creating their own colonies and mutating, the preferences of these bacteria changed dramatically. They abandoned oil and began to eat organic matter: algae, jellyfish, fish, animals and, eventually, people.

Already in 2011, it became clear that the cynthia were no longer engaged in destroying oil spills, but, by multiplying, they ate all life in the ocean.

After some time, frightening information appeared in the press that the inhabitants of the Mexican coast were struck by a certain virus, originally called the “Blue Flu”.

Symptoms of blue flu appeared in people who swam in the Gulf of Mexico, and were expressed in the form of skin ulcers, internal bleeding and damage to the respiratory tract.

At first, the disease was stopped with antibiotics, but the victims were left with severe damage to the skin and respiratory organs. Not knowing how to cope with the scourge, doctors said that it was some new virus unknown to medicine, which they had no means of combating.

It later turned out that the unknown virus was carried by synthia, created in such a way that no antibiotic or chemical affected them. You could say they are practically invulnerable.

Why would bacteria created to eliminate oil pollution be made so resistant to suppression methods? This is where many researchers began to say that this virus was created as a weapon, and its tests were carried out in the Gulf of Mexico, but something went wrong, the virus mutated, and the antidote made to deactivate it did not work.

Whichever version is correct, it doesn’t matter now. Hundreds of residents of the Mexican coast are dying from purulent wounds, and this is due to the cynthia, which are still spreading unhindered through the waters of the world's oceans.

The US authorities are aware of the consequences of their carelessness, but at the same time they do their best to restrain the large-scale dissemination of scandalous information. Having destroyed the Gulf Stream and destroyed the ecosystem of the Gulf of Mexico, it seemed to the White House administration that it was not enough, and they decided to further aggravate the problem by opening Pandora's box and releasing a deadly infection into the ocean, from which there is no salvation yet.

In the early 1950s, the USSR developed and almost put into production a project to create a man-made West Siberian Sea. Huge dams were supposed to block the flows of the Ob and Yenisei at the outlet to the ocean. As a result, the entire West Siberian Lowland would have been flooded, the country would have received the world's largest North Ob hydroelectric power station, and the evaporation of the new sea, comparable in area to the Mediterranean, should have greatly softened the sharply continental Siberian climate. However, unfortunately or fortunately?, shortly before the start of the project, the largest oil reserves were found in the area subject to flooding, and “sea construction” had to be postponed. Now, what man failed to do, nature will do. Only the ice dam will be slightly higher than the one we were planning to build. Consequently, the spill will be larger. Ice dams will gradually block river flows. Water from the Ob and Yenisei, not finding an outlet into the ocean, will flood the lowland. The water level in the new sea will rise until it reaches 130 meters. After this, it will begin to flow into Europe through the Turgai depression, located in the eastern part of the Ural Mountains. The resulting stream will wash away a 40-meter layer of soil and expose the granite bottom of the hollow. As the channel expands and deepens, the level of the young sea will eventually drop to 90 meters. Excess water will fill the Turan Lowland, the Aral Sea will merge with the Caspian Sea, and the level of the latter will rise by more than 80 meters. Then the water along the Kuma-Manych depression will spill into the Don. These will actually be the greatest Siberian rivers turned towards Europe, and not some pitiful 7% of the Ob, which, in the case of the famous project, were supposed to water the whole of Central Asia, but 100% of the same Ob and 100% of the Yenisei.

The slowing Gulf Stream is the cause of weather anomalies

Senior researcher at the Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, climatologist Alexey Karnaukhov explained what causes weather anomalies and climate changes on our planet.

What's happening to our climate? Why does it rain in Russia in January, but in America it snows?

Question to Armenian radio: “Where did the Russian winter go? It went to America to work.” It's a joke. To be serious, we are developing several processes in the Earth's climate. The first main process, against the background of which all the others unfold, is global warming associated with the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Which?

This is a change in the direction of currents in the World Ocean. The fact is that all the variety of currents that we observe in the seas and oceans today was formed from certain climatic conditions, the climate is changing, the distribution of heat is changing, wind flows are changing, the pattern of currents is changing.

Tell us briefly what it looks like...

Very simple. As a result of global warming, Arctic glaciers are melting, in particular the glaciers of Greenland, which have stored huge amounts of fresh water. Because of this, the water in the Arctic Ocean becomes fresher in such a cold current as the Labrador Current, which originates in the Arctic Basin, and this current also becomes fresher. Moving head-on to the Gulf Stream, at one moment it can block the path of the Gulf Stream to the north. They are currently found in the Newfoundland Bank area.

Now we are observing instability of the Gulf Stream in the form of anomalies (warmth in Russia, abnormal cold in the USA). In my opinion, this is due to the unevenness of the Gulf Stream.

The Gulf Stream brings us a huge number of such anomalies, and this is very dangerous.

The warm and comfortable climate of the USA and Western Europe is 90% due to the action of the Gulf Stream ocean current, carrying 50 million cubic meters. m of warm water per second. Its capacity is equivalent to one million nuclear power plants. This “thermal additive” increases temperatures in Europe and the USA by 8-10 degrees. The action of the Gulf Stream creates exceptional conditions for agriculture in these territories. Grain yields in non-chernozem Germany, France, Great Britain, and Sweden range from 60 to 85 centners per hectare. And in black earth Ukraine only 24 centners are harvested, in non-black earth Russia – 12–15 centners/ha. In Europe and the USA there are no spring frosts that destroy crops. Today, the United States and Canada export 100 million tons of grain, and Western Europe – 50 million tons per year. The yield of agricultural crops there depends only 5% on the climate, while in our country it depends on 50%.

Now the picture of ocean currents looks like this - the cold and denser Labrador Current “dives” under the warm and lighter Gulf Stream, without preventing it from warming Europe. Then the Labrador Current “surfaces” off the coast of Spain under the name of the cold Canary Current, crosses the Atlantic, reaches the Caribbean Sea, heats up and, now called the Gulf Stream, freely rushes back to the North. Not the “greenhouse effect”, not “ozone holes”, not man-made activities, but the density of Labrador waters is a key factor in the well-being of the world. Currently, the density of the waters of the Labrador Current is only one tenth of a percent higher than the density of the waters of the Gulf Stream.

Only 0.1%, and as a result - palm trees in London, beaches of the Cote d'Azur, ice-free fjords of Norway and year-round navigation in the Barents Sea

As soon as the Labrador Current becomes equal in density to the Gulf Stream, it will rise to the surface of the ocean and block the Gulf Stream's northward movement. The great interconnected "figure eight" of ocean currents will turn into two circular currents characteristic of the ice age. The Gulf Stream will head towards Spain and begin to circulate in a small circle, the cold Labrador Current will break through to Europe, which will immediately begin to freeze.

Data on previous cold snaps obtained by drilling ice in Greenland show that this will happen almost instantly, even by the standards of a human lifetime. From three to ten years for the whole process - and the Gulf Stream will be “turned off”. The air temperature in Europe will become Siberian in a few short years. Living in Europe, Canada and the USA will become unbearable. Today there are palm trees in London, and tomorrow Britain will be buried in snow, frosts will reach -40°C, and even reindeer will refuse to live there. And who would have imagined that an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and the massive use of dispersants would affect the speed of the Gulf Stream.

According to the latest satellite data, the North Atlantic Current no longer exists in its previous form. The Norwegian Current disappeared along with it.

As a result of the cold snap and inevitable food shortages, each person in the “golden billion” will have to spend 3–4 thousand dollars more a year. This is 3–4 trillion. dollars. To adapt the infrastructure, you will need 15–20 trillion, to maintain it in working condition in the winter - another couple of trillions of “green” ones.

What do they know? About stopping the Gulf Stream or about the imminent explosion of the Yellowstone volcano?...

And what should we expect...what awaits us is either DROUGHT and heat, or ICE and freezing......or maybe a flood?

Gulf Stream

(Atlantic Ocean)

A century and a half ago, a serious institution with the dry official name “Depot of Maps and Instruments” published a book in the USA with the no less dry and scientific title “Physical Geography of the Sea.”

Having opened this seemingly rigorous scientific work, the reader unexpectedly discovered from the very first page that it would talk about unusually interesting things, and that the narrator himself was a man very different from the scientific biscuit - a statistician-hydrographer. However, read the first two paragraphs of his book (I quote the Russian translation of 1861) and see for yourself:

“There is a river in the ocean that does not become shallow during any drought, and does not overflow its banks during any flood. Its banks and bottom consist of cold water, while its own streams are warm. Its source is in the Gulf of Mexico, and its mouth in the polar seas. This is the Gulf Stream. There is no other water stream in the world that rivals it in magnificence and enormity: it flows faster than the Mississippi and the Amazon and is a thousand times larger than them in volume.

Its waters from the bay to the shores of Carolina are indigo in color. Their limits are indicated so clearly that it is easy for the eye to trace the line of their connection with the ordinary waters of the sea; it even happens to see how a ship floats on one side on the blue water of the Gulf Stream, and on the other on the ordinary dark green waves of the ocean; The dividing line is so sharply defined, the affinity between the two water masses is so insignificant, and they so stubbornly resist mutual mixing.”

These lines by American oceanographer Matthew Maury have become classic among geographers. Since then, scientists and writers around the world have devoted many fascinating pages to the “river in the ocean.” Julieverne's captain Nemo and the "sea wolf cub" Mine Reed, the heroes of Conrad and Conan Doyle, Jack London and Sabatini, Stanyukovich and Captain Marryat swam here. And the Gulf Stream has become, probably, the most famous current in the World Ocean to the general public.

It begins in the southern part of the Strait of Florida, which leads from the Gulf of Mexico to the Atlantic, and ends at the Great Bank of Newfoundland, a vast shoal off the coast of Canada. The current generated by the bay was named in honor of its progenitor (Gulf Stream translated as “current from the bay”). However, the Gulf Stream, of course, does not disappear off the island of Newfoundland. It simply breaks down here into several branches, the most powerful of which deviates to the east and goes to the shores of Europe under the name of the North Atlantic Current.

Europeans first learned about the Gulf Stream from Christopher Columbus, who encountered it on his first voyage to the islands of the New World in 1492. And twenty years later, the Spanish conquistador Ponce de Leon, trying to sail into the Gulf of Mexico past the southern tip of the Florida Peninsula, discovered that his ship, with a fair wind and under full sail, was moving... in the opposite direction! A similar strange phenomenon has been noted more than once off the Florida coast, but many decades passed before sailors realized that the powerful current in this area helps them return to Europe faster, while the sailing route to America must be laid further south, in the zone of trade winds.

The first scientific study of the Gulf Stream was carried out in 1770 by the American scientist Benjamin Franklin, who compiled its approximate map and gave the current its now well-known name. The impetus for the study of the Gulf Stream for Franklin, who was then serving in the postal department, was the inexplicable fact that high-speed postal packet boats traveled from England to the States for seven weeks, while heavily laden ships traveling from the USA to British shores spent only a little over a month.

The cause of this powerful warm current is the large surge of water into the Gulf of Mexico by the trade winds. The southern branches of the North Trade Wind Current and the northern branches of the South Trade Wind Current, entering the Gulf of Mexico, create a significant difference in water levels in the Gulf and the adjacent part of the Atlantic. Excess water rushes into the ocean through the Straits of Florida, giving rise to the Gulf Stream. The width of the current at the exit of the strait is 75 kilometers, the depth is 700 meters, and the average speed is about 150 kilometers per day, that is, more than six kilometers per hour. (For comparison, the speed of the Neva is 5.8 kilometers per hour.)

When entering the ocean, the volume of water carried by the Gulf Stream is 20 times greater than the flow of all the Earth's rivers, reaching 25 million cubic meters per second! The temperature of the surface waters of the Gulf Stream is about 30 degrees, and the salinity also exceeds the average ocean by almost 5 percent. (This, by the way, also explains the bluer color of the Gulf Stream water: it has been proven that fresher seas have a greenish tint to the waves, and the saltiest waters have a blue and blue tint.)

Having entered the ocean, the Gulf Stream connects with the Antilles Current, after which its width almost doubles and the volume of water triples. The speed of the ocean river sometimes reaches ten kilometers per hour! It is no wonder that Ponce de Leon's caravels could not fight such a powerful current.

True, there are faster currents in the World Ocean. So, in Solfjord off the coast of Norway the current speed is 30 kilometers per hour. (Moscow motorists during rush hour could envy such speed!)

As it moves north, towards the island of Newfoundland, the Gulf Stream deviates more and more to the east, towards Europe. And along the American coast, the cold Labrador Current comes towards it from the Baffin Sea. By the way, it is this that brings huge icebergs here from Greenland, creating a serious threat to shipping. (Let us recall, for example, the Titanic disaster, which occurred precisely in these waters.) But the Gulf Stream also added many sad pages to the tragic chronicle of encounters between ships and ice mountains, without which many shipwrecks simply would not have occurred.

The fact is that fogs often form in the collision zone of warm and cold waters. It is not for nothing that the Newfoundland Bank is called the “pole of fog” of the Atlantic. In winter, a fog shroud envelops ships here every third day, and in summer - every second day.

Nowadays, the movement of icebergs off the American coast is monitored by special “ice patrols” from specially equipped ships and aircraft. And yet, shipping in the northwest sector of the Atlantic Ocean remains a risky business.

Let's add to this that it is over the Gulf Stream zone that most tropical hurricanes that originate near the Antilles make their way. Over the past 40 years, 250 of them have been recorded here - six hurricanes a year! Calm weather - calm, in maritime parlance - is rare in the waters of the Gulf Stream. It is not for nothing that the English poet Kipling, who loved the sea, when describing the experiences of a boy caught in a storm on a ship, places him in this very area:

If there is green darkness in the cabin windows,

And the spray flies up to the pipes,

And every minute they get up, now the bow, then the stern,

And the servant pouring the soup

Suddenly falls into a cube,

...And my mother’s head is cracking from pain,

And no one laughs, drinks or eats, -

Then you understand what the words mean:

Forty Nord,

Sixty West!

Look at the map: a point with coordinates of 40 degrees north latitude and 60 degrees east longitude is located just south of the island of Newfoundland.

If there is no fog, the meeting places of warm and cold currents can be easily determined by the color of the water: the Gulf Stream is dark blue, and the water of the Labrador Current has a light blue, sometimes even greenish tint. Of course, the temperatures of their waters also differ sharply, and sometimes this difference manifests itself extremely sharply. There was a case when an American research vessel, sailing from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the east, simultaneously recorded a water temperature at the stern of 19 degrees, and at the bow - 31 degrees!

The northeastern continuation of the Gulf Stream - the North Atlantic Current - brings a gigantic mass of warm water to the shores of Northern Europe, seriously affecting the climate of coastal countries. It is estimated that Norway, for example, receives as much heat from this current as would be produced by burning one hundred thousand tons of oil per minute! It is no coincidence that the North Atlantic Current is called the “stove of Northern Europe”.

The Gulf Stream and its continuations, the Canary and North Atlantic currents, have been serving as postmen for the “bottle mail” known to all sailors for many centuries. Most often, messages from ships in distress are found in England and Ireland, located on the path of the main transatlantic flows. In Britain, since the 16th century, the court position of “royal ocean bottle opener” was even established. All vessels with notes found at sea were supposed to be handed over to the Admiralty unopened, in order to avoid the disclosure of secrets that might end up in the messages. It is known that in the first year the “Lord Opener” opened 52 bottles.

Of course, “Neptune mail” is not a very reliable type of communication. Sometimes bottles and other vessels travel at sea for years, or even centuries. So, in 1856, near Gibraltar, a barrel with a coconut filled with resin was found on the shore. The nut contained a parchment with Columbus's report to the King and Queen of Spain about the shipwreck of the Santa Maria caravel. The message of the great navigator traveled in ocean waters for more than 350 years.

And another note revealed the mystery of the disappearance of the large American steamship Pacific. Back in 1856, he broke the speed record, reaching from New York to Liverpool in nine days and twenty hours. After this, “Pacific” became very popular, and there was no end to those wishing to attend it. And in the fall of the same year, taking on board more than 200 passengers, the liner set off on its return journey to New York. After this there was no further information about him. The Pacific did not arrive at its destination port.

And no one would ever have known what happened to the ship if not for the bottle mail. A few years later, the sea washed up a bottle with a note on the Irish shore. It contained only a few words: “On board the Pacifica. The ship is sinking. There is panic on deck. Surrounded by ice on all sides. I know that I will not be saved. I am writing so that my friends will know everything. W. M. Graham.”

And almost a hundred years later, in 1954, a bottle containing a will from one of the Pacific passengers was found in the dunes on the shores of the Gulf of Maine. Having bequeathed her entire fortune to her daughter in a letter, she mentions that the ship is sinking near Cape Flattery after colliding with an iceberg. Thus, one of the many tragic secrets of the North Atlantic was revealed.

Another mystery of the reason for the disappearance of the ship without a trace was helped to solve by the “Neptune mail” in 1880. The British Royal Navy training frigate Atlanta, after sailing with a crew of graduate cadets off the coast of Canada and in the Caribbean Sea in January of this year, called at the Bahamas to replenish supplies and then headed back to her native shores. But the sailing ship did not return to England. The Admiralty announced a reward of 300 guineas for information shedding light on the fate of the frigate. And in June, the captain of a fishing schooner off the coast of Newfoundland caught a bottle with a message in his net. It contained only three lines: “April 17, 1880. Training ship Atlanta. Sinking at coordinates 27 degrees North and 32 degrees West. Let the finder send this note to the newspaper. John Hutchings.”

Many times over the past centuries, boys on the coastal sand or fishermen dismantling their nets discovered vessels with messages. And the half-washed lines of a note from a mud-covered bottle or cocoa can told people about some now forgotten tragedy of the sea, like the following, caught by a fisherman in Morecabe Bay: “The steamer Himalaya is wrecked off the coast of Newfoundland. The ship has lost its propeller, and "The wind tore the sails to shreds. We cannot repair the hole in the bottom, and it is no longer possible to escape. Unless the Lord works a miracle, we will perish."

Sometimes, however, the Gulf Stream also performs a less gloomy mission, providing its jets to help lovers. Thus, in the American state of Nebraska, one young emigrant sent a letter to his girlfriend in his native Ireland in a sealed bottle, which he threw into the Mississippi River. The river carried the bottle into the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf Stream did the rest. A year later, the message was found on the shore of one of the Irish bays and delivered to the girl.

And at the end of 1970, the American Hoffman from New York State, wondering whether to marry or not, decided to resort to the “sea lot.” He sent a marriage proposal to his bride in England in a sealed bottle with an address, which he threw into the ocean. Eleven months later, Hoffman's letter was found on the English coast and delivered to the girl. The American's answer came by telegraph. It read: “I agree. But still, honey, this is so unexpected!”

Gulf Stream continues its postal service today. But now the bottles with documents contain mainly “scientific mail”. With its help, oceanologists study the speed and direction of North Atlantic currents and their seasonal changes.

And passengers of numerous ships crossing the ocean from east to west, if they are lucky and the weather is clear on the way to America, can see with their own eyes how a wide strip of blue water appears on their way, bordered along the edge by a chain of whirlpools. This means that the liner crosses the mighty “river in the ocean” flowing from the South Seas, the most famous ocean current in the world with the poetic and warm name of the Gulf Stream

This text is an introductory fragment.

Castles, palaces and fortresses of western Ukraine Khust Castle, Khust

Sea breeze on the very seashore