Children about airplanes: an educational tale about types of airplanes in pictures for children, videos, tasks, games, presentation “What types of airplanes are there and why they are needed” for children.

Children about airplanes

In this article you will find educational information about airplanes and games for children on this topic:

1. presentation and fairy tale “What types of planes are there?” for children with tasks and pictures,
2. why are planes needed?
3. logorhythmics"Aircraft",
4. physical education lessons about the airplane X,
5. finger gymnastics about airplanes
6. outdoor games about airplanes
7. educational games for children about airplanes.

What types of planes are there?

Educational tale about airplanes for children with educational tasks and pictures

How did it all begin, or why fly to the Isle of Palms?

Once upon a time there lived a very kind man in one city. This was a very famous veterinarian. Do you know who a veterinarian is and what he does? (listen to the child’s answer and clarify it if necessary). This is a doctor for animals. And our veterinarian also treated birds, fish, and animals. In the city everyone called him respectfully - Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin. Or simply by last name - Doctor Tabletkin. If a canary got sick or a dog injured its leg, city residents immediately turned to him for help. And he helped everyone.

One fine spring day, someone knocked on the veterinarian's window. "Who is this?" - Pyotr Ivanovich was surprised and opened the window. - "A! Galchonok. Come in. What did you bring? Letter? From whom? Let me read it - apparently this is something urgent!” Pyotr Ivanovich opened the letter and recognized the handwriting of his old friend: “Hello, my dear friend! I'm currently working on the Isle of Palms in the ocean. We have an epidemic, many animals are sick, we need help. I kindly ask you to urgently fly to our island and help. Please take a set of medicines with you and more. Your friend Doctor Aibolit."

“I’m leaving immediately!” - Pyotr Ivanovich decided - I’ll just leave the veterinarian Poroshkov on duty here in my place and pack my suitcase with medicines for animals.” Having done all these things, the famous veterinarian left for the airport.

Airfield

There was a field next to the airport building. A very unusual field. Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin saw different fields. He saw a field for football players - it is called “football”. He also visited the hockey field, it was called... Have you already guessed what? (hockey). And he visited the field where corn grows - it was called “corn field”. And the field on which rye grows is a “rye” field. And a field of wheat. You probably also know what it was called - ? (wheat field).

But he had never been on such a field before. There were only one planes on it. Have you already guessed what kind of field it was and what it was called?

Note: Let your child come up with a name for the field, and then clarify what this field was called “flight”. Why? Yes, because planes take off from it! There were a lot of different planes and helicopters on the airfield. Pyotr Ivanovich had never flown on airplanes or helicopters before, and therefore was confused. Which plane is right for me and which one will take me to the Isle of Palms?

Who is a mechanic (technician)?

Suddenly our veterinarian saw a small airplane with two wings. And a man came up to him and opened the door to the cabin. “The pilot has arrived,” thought Pyotr Ivanovich and rushed to the plane. - "Hello. My name is Doctor Tabletkin. I'm a veterinarian. I urgently need to fly to help my friend on the Island of Palms. A lot of animals on the island got sick. Can I fly there on this plane? Are you a pilot and could you help me?”

“Nice to meet you,” the stranger smiled back at him. – My name is mechanic Vintov. I'm not a pilot. I mechanic and make sure the planes are in good working order. My profession is also called "technician". Of course, you can fly to the Island of Palms on this plane.” “He shook his head sadly. - “But you will fly for too long. It’s better to take a jet plane that flies tomorrow to Madagascar, it will be faster.”

The famous veterinarian was very surprised: “I need to go to the Island of Palms and I need to fly out today. Why am I flying not today, but tomorrow, and even to Madagascar? And why would such a strange road be faster?”

Vintov smiled at Pyotr Ivanovich again and explained: “A jet plane flies much faster than this small plane. If you take off today on this plane, you will fly to the Isle of Palms for five days! And you will have to land several times to refuel the plane. A jet plane will take you to Madagascar on the same day. There you will board a small plane and within a few hours you will be in the right place.”

Propeller and jet aircraft

The doctor was very interested in this message and asked the mechanic, puzzled: “ How can you tell a fast plane from a slow one? So that I don’t make a mistake next time” - Look at these two planes. One plane has a propeller. That's why it's called "screw", he flies slowly. Find the airplane's propeller in the picture.

But the other plane doesn’t have a propeller. He called "reactive""and flies very fast!"

Assignment for the child: Find it in the picture propeller planes and jet planes. How are they different from each other?

Airplane wing shapes: straight, triangular, swept.

“Yeah, I got it!” - Pyotr Ivanovich exclaimed. “So, if an airplane has a propeller, it flies slowly!” Is there any other way to distinguish a fast plane from a slow plane?” Technician Screws happily began to explain further: “There is another important sign. This airplane wing shape. Look at this photo. What does the wing look like?

- “On the arrow!” — Doctor Tabletkin immediately answered. “Yes,” Vintov confirmed with pleasure. – “ This plane has the wing has the shape of an arrow, which is why we call such a wing “swept”. If the wing is swept, then the plane flies faster, because such a wing cuts through the air better at high speed. And if the wing is straight, then the speed of the aircraft is lower.”

- And also what kind of wings do airplanes have?- asked the veterinarian.

- Happens triangular wing, such aircraft are designed for very high speeds (such speeds are also called supersonic). Look at the photo of this plane - it has a delta wing.

There are also airplanes with straight wings. They fly slower than all other planes.

Assignment for children: Find the planes in the picture below: with a straight wing, with a delta wing, with a swept wing.

Answers to the task for children “What types of airplanes are there?”: the blue square is a delta-wing airplane, the green circle is a straight-wing airplane, the yellow square and red circle are swept-wing airplanes.

Why are different planes needed?

“What are “supersonic speeds and supersonic aircraft?” asked Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin.

— « Supersonic planes are those that fly so fast that they overtake the sound of their flight. The plane had already flown by, but the sound had not yet reached us. Such planes fly twice as fast as conventional jet planes,” the mechanic explained.

“I want to fly to the Island of Palms tomorrow on a supersonic plane!” Pyotr Ivanovich perked up.

“You can fly, but most likely you won’t be able to land. The island is small, and a supersonic plane will not have time to slow down on the airfield,” Vintov clarified.

- "A Why are such small planes needed? like the one we're standing next to? It has a propeller, which means it flies slowly. And you won’t get there quickly. And in addition, he is also small. This means that you can’t transport a lot of cargo on it. Why then is it needed at all? - asked Pyotr Ivanovich.

-"ABOUT! This is a very important and much needed aircraft. It has one extremely important property. You see, this plane has two large wings. And they're stacked on top of each other, so it can take off and land on very small areas. And it can even sit on a patch of land on an island or in the forest.

Assignment for children: Do you know what a “patch of land” is and where this word came from?(A piglet is a five-kopeck coin. Nowadays, a five-ruble coin is also called this word. A very small piece of land is also called a piglet. And there is also a piglet’s patch - it is also round and small).

Technician Vintov continued: “Where a jet plane cannot land, this plane can land. Therefore, such planes fly short distances to nearby villages and transport passengers and cargo to them. First, passengers and cargo are transported by large jets to a large central airport. And from there they are transported on small planes from this big city and the main airport to small towns and villages.”

Military aircraft

Suddenly Tabletkin saw planes without propellers at the edge of the airfield. And pilots entered them. He joyfully exclaimed: “Here are the planes I need!” They don't have propellers, which means they're jet-propelled. And they have triangular wings, which means they will fly to the Isle of Palms very, very quickly, even faster than sound. Can I fly them to Madagascar today? And from Madagascar I will fly on a small plane to the island I need.”

“Of course, this plane flies faster than any passenger plane. But it’s not so easy to fly!” - answered the mechanic. “After all, this is a military plane and there is no room for passengers. You see, the cockpit is designed for one pilot, and there are missiles hanging from below.”

“Look, the other plane has two cabins. The second cabin is probably intended for a passenger?” – asked the veterinarian.

"No, A navigator must sit behind the pilot in the rear cockpit. He tells the pilot where to fly. This is a military plane. All military aircraft do not have seating for passengers. That’s why there are no portholes on military planes,” Vintov replied.

Tasks for children:

Exercise 1. The navigator always sits behind the pilot. Find the pilot's cockpit and the navigator's cockpit in the photograph of the plane.

Task 2. What do you think, what kind of plane is this - passenger or military? Why do you think so? How can you distinguish a military aircraft from a passenger aircraft by appearance?

Cargo aircraft

“Please tell me how we can transport animals from the island to my clinic for treatment. Elephants and giraffes are very large and heavy, they won’t fit on a passenger plane,” asked Tabletkin.

"ABOUT! There are special planes for this. They are called freight. There are no windows on a cargo plane. It has very large doors to accommodate large loads. Look, here on our airfield the plane is being loaded. To allow cargo to fit on the plane, the nose and tail of the plane open outwards - as if they were doors!

The nose of the cargo plane began to rise. And it opened as if it was not a nose, but a big door to an airplane!

Here, instead of its nose, a special ramp extends in front of the plane, along which equipment can enter the cargo plane. And at the back of the cargo plane, the cargo doors open. At the back of the cargo plane there is also a ramp for vehicles to enter the plane.

The plane is ready for loading!

Look how big the cargo plane is! Such a plane can fit another smaller plane, and large cars, and even train cars, and a large boat, and even several helicopters, and tanks, and construction equipment, and many cars and a bus!”

Task for children: Look at the pictures and tell me what these cargo planes will transport by air.

Pyotr Ivanovich was delighted with cargo planes and their capabilities: “Now I will be calm about large animals! And I will know that, if necessary, they can be transported to any animal hospital on the mainland. What other planes are there besides military, passenger and cargo?”

What other planes are there?

Mechanic Screws remained silent in response and showed Tabletkin an unusual photo. Look at him too. What do you think is happening here and what are the threads that stretch from the first plane to the others? (listen to any suggestions from the children, and then tell about these planes). He explained:

« These are tanker aircraft. Why do you think they are called that - “refuelers”? (listen to the children’s answers and their thoughts and guesses). A large fuel tank is placed in the cargo plane and hoses are hung to which the aircraft being refueled are docked for refueling. This is done so that they can gain fuel in flight without landing on the ground.”

Here is another plane - a tanker.

Available on our airfield and training aircraft. Why do you think they are called that? Yes, they learn to fly on these planes. They are very small. There are only two places in them: for a pilot - an instructor and a pilot who is learning to fly an airplane.

There are also sports aerobatic aircraft. There is only one place in them - for an athlete pilot. He performs aerobatic maneuvers on this plane.

Suddenly there was a loud noise. And a large passenger plane landed on the runway. “He will fly to Madagascar tomorrow morning,” Vintov said. “And now, after landing and disembarking the passengers, I’ll go prepare it for tomorrow’s flight. Come tomorrow and you will fly away on it.”

Pyotr Ivanovich Tabletkin thanked Vintov for his help. And the next morning he was already flying on a plane to Madagascar.

What are seaplanes and amphibious aircraft?

Towards evening the plane landed on the island of Madagascar. And the Veterinarian went to the airport building to find out how he could fly to the Isle of Palms.

“Sorry, but flights to the Isle of Palms have been cancelled. Two days ago, a storm hit the island and destroyed the runway. Her recovery will take several days,” the dispatcher told him.

“What should I do?” - asked the upset Pyotr Ivanovich. “It’s so important for me to get to the island as quickly as possible to help people and animals in trouble.”

“Let us send you to the Island of Palms by seaplane!” — the dispatcher suggested to him. “Or by plane—an amphibian.”

"And what is it?" — the veterinarian was surprised.

“The word hydro means liquid. Seaplane is an airplane that does not need a runway. He can land right on the water. It’s even better to use in such cases amphibious aircraft. Amphibians are creatures that can live in both water and air. And this plane can take off both from land and from water, which is why it was called that. The amphibious airplane has a bottom like a boat, but it also has wheels like a regular airplane.”

“I’m ready to fly on an amphibious plane,” Tabletkin rejoiced.

"Proceed to Gate 15. The amphibious aircraft leaves in one hour."

A few hours later, the amphibious aircraft landed on the sea near the Island of Palms. All passengers were invited to board a boat, and the boat took them to the port. "Hooray! It’s so good that you came to us so quickly,” Doctor Aibolit joyfully greeted his friend. “I sailed here by boat for a whole month. How did you manage that?". Vintov’s mechanic helped me choose the right plane and route here. I’ll tell you more later.” And the friends went to treat the animals, who had been waiting for their help for a long time.

Children about airplanes: why do they need airplanes?

Airplanes were invented by people to provide rapid transportation of people and cargo. No land or water transport can now move as fast as an airplane.

After getting acquainted with the fairy tale, your child already knows many of the functions that airplanes perform to help people. Please complete this information.

Why are airplanes needed based on their functions:

• Military aircraft needed to protect the homeland from enemies. These could be fighters, bombers, reconnaissance aircraft, attack aircraft, landing aircraft, and tankers.
• Cargo aircraft transport goods.
• Passenger aircraft transport people and their luggage.
• Sports aircraft participate in competitions.
• Training aircraft used for flight training for pilots and navigators.
• Agricultural airplanes cultivate fields with crops and protect them from pests.
• Weather planes- study clouds, typhoons, influence the weather (they cause rain or stop it, dispersing the clouds).
• Ambulance and rescue aircraft- transport the sick and wounded, provide assistance to injured people.
• Firefighting aircraft- extinguish forest fires.
• Experimental aircraft and aircraft - flying laboratories- serve for testing new designs and engines.

Logorhythmics: airplane

During an educational imaginary trip to the airfield to introduce your child to different types of aircraft, you will want to relax with your children. Do logorhythmics exercises for kids to relax!

Logorhythmics “Airplane”: first option

Hands to the sides - fly
We're sending the plane.
(straight arms to the side, running in a circle)

Right wing forward
(extend the right straightened arm slightly forward)
Our plane took off.

Left wing forward
(extend the left straightened arm slightly forward)
Turned our plane around.

We were flying high
(raise our hands higher)
We were flying low.
(we lower our hands a little)
We flew far
We arrived close.

Second version of the logorhythmic exercise “Airplane”

Come on, pilot pilots,
Prepared for flight
(children stand straight, arms down, proud posture, shoulders back).

They approached the plane
And they went up the ladder
(we march or pretend to enter along the ramp).

The flight begins
Our plane buzzed.
(Children squat on one knee, spread their arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane and hum: oooooo)

He rose up and flew.
(Children stand on their feet, arms straightened to the sides)
The pilot looked to the right,
(Turn your head to the right)
The pilot looked to the left
(Turn your head to the left).

Flew quickly forward
Fast wing aircraft.
(Arms to the sides, quickly running on toes in a circle)

The third version of the “Airplane” logorhythmics

An airplane flies by
I got ready to fly with him.
(Point to the sky with your hand)

The right wing was withdrawn
(Extend your right hand to the side, look at your fingers)
Left wing withdrawn
(Extend your left hand to the side, look at your fingers)

I'm starting the engine
(Children make rotational movements with their hands in front of them)
And I'm watching closely.

I rise to the heights - I fly-oo-oo-oo
(You need to rise on your toes, spread your arms to the sides and run in a circle)

I'm about to land,
I want to land.
(Children land on one knee, lower their arms)

Didactic game "Planes"

Didactic game "Planes". Option 1. For children of senior preschool age. Set up four airfields: for passenger airplanes, for cargo airplanes, for military airplanes, and for sport-training and educational airplanes.

Ask the children to guess why the plane shown in the picture is needed.

The child needs to sort the pictures of planes into groups according to the purpose of the plane, sending each plane to the appropriate airfield and explaining why he thinks it is a cargo plane or that it is a passenger plane.

You will find pictures for this game in the article.

Didactic game "Planes". Option 2. Game for kids. The goal of the game is p development of auditory attention. Invite your child to guess whether the plane is flying high or low. If you honk in a high voice, then the plane is flying high, if you honk in a low voice, then it is low.

Didactic game "Planes". Option 3. Game for children of primary preschool age.

Place 4 - 8 rectangles of different sizes in front of the child (for the smallest children, take four figures, for older children - six or eight figures) - these are airfields (airfields). They should be laid out in front of the baby as a serial row - that is, from the smallest to the largest.

Mix up the silhouettes of airplanes of different sizes. The number of airplanes must correspond to the number of rectangles.

The child’s task is to arrange the airplanes in a series series by size (from smallest to largest) and select for each airplane a suitable “airfield” for it. Those. arrange planes into “airfields” according to their size.

Didactic game "Planes". Option 4. For the little ones.

Children from 2-3 years old can be given pictures of airplanes cut into pieces. Use pictures from the first version of the game “Planes” for this. For the little ones, we divide the picture into 2 equal parts, then into 3-4 parts. For older children, you can divide the picture with broken lines into more parts.

Didactic game "The plane is flying." For children of senior preschool age

The game develops the ability to navigate on a sheet of paper, tracing the function of gaze, develops the ability to bring together and separate the visual axes of the child’s eyes.

First option.

You will need runway and landing strip with arrows. Draw a “runway” for the airplane - a vertical rectangle. Divide it with a vertical line into two parts. Draw an up arrow on the right side of the runway, and a down arrow on the left side.

Progress of the game. Invite your child to follow the movement of the plane with his eyes, focusing on the arrows on the runway. Our plane is moving forward along the runway (we glance along the right side of the rectangle up to the end of the runway). The plane turns left, makes a U-turn and turns back. And follows the left side of the strip along the arrow (from top to bottom). Turn around again and move forward. Now let’s try to make these movements with our gaze faster.

Second option

You will need square 4 x 4 cells. Draw such a square on a piece of paper. The cells must be very large. In the future, you can increase the number of cells in the square in order to give more complex tasks to your child.

Make two identical squares - one you will give to the child, and the other will be in your hands.

Place a dot in one of the cells. There is an airplane in it.

Progress of the game. You dictate the route of the plane, simultaneously moving the piece along the cells of your field, and the child follows it with his eyes. You need to stay on the route. At first the route is 3-4 turns. For example: “One cell up. Two cells to the right. One cell down. Three cells to the left. Tell me where the plane is?” The place on your flight “map” is compared with what the child got.

If it is difficult for a child to follow with his eyes or he is not yet very easy to navigate in space, then at first you can make movements with a chip. And only then do them mentally and track them with your eyes.

Physical education lessons “Airplane”

Physical education can be done at any time when you see that the child needs rest. From this selection about airplanes, choose the physical education lesson that you and your kids will like best!

Physical education lesson about the airplane “We are flying above the clouds”

We are flying above the clouds.
(Hands to the side)
We wave to dad, we wave to mom.
(We wave both hands in turn)

We see the river flowing
(We show a wave-like movement with our hands)
We see a fisherman's boat.
(We show with our hands how a fisherman casts a fishing rod)

Be careful: the mountain!
(Tilt left - right)
It's time for us to land!

(Sit down on one knee, arms to the sides)

Physical education lesson “Planes buzzed”

In the first line, children make rotational movements with their arms in front of their chest. On the second line, children straighten their arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane and “fly” (running in a circle). On the third line - they squat. On the fourth they fly again.

The planes buzzed
The planes have flown
They sat quietly in the clearing,
And they flew again.

Physical education lesson “Our plane has flown”

Let's fly, fly,
We twirled our hands.
(Children rotate their arms in front of their chest)

Hands to the sides - fly
We're sending a plane
(Children spread their arms straight to the sides)

Right wing forward
(Turn your torso to the right with your right arm moving forward)
Left wing forward.
(Turn your torso to the left with your left arm moving forward).
One, two, three, four - Our plane has taken off.

(Running in a circle with straight arms spread out to the sides)

Physical education lesson “A plane appeared”

We put our hands up:
A plane appeared.
(Hands to the side.)

Flapping the wing back and forth,
(Tilts left and right.)
Do “one”, do “two”.
(Turns left and right.)
One and two, one and two!
One and two, one and two!

Keep your arms at your sides,
Look at each other.
(Arms to the sides, turns left and right.)
One and two, one and two!
One and two, one and two!

We'll throw our hands down
Hurry up and take your seats! (Children put their hands down and sit in their seats)

Look, there's a plane in the sky,
And the pilot is on the plane.
Handles the helm deftly
And flies between the clouds.

There is a mountain under the plane,
Either a dense forest, or a hole,
Then people wonder at the sky,
Then the hares dance in a circle (Author - Alexander Estafeev)

You will see what movements are made to this song in the video below. At first the song is sung at a slow tempo, then faster and faster.

Physical education lesson for the little ones “The airplane spread its wings”

Zhu-zhu-zhu, zhu-zhu-zhu,
I'm starting the engine.
(Rotational movements of the arms in front of the chest).
The plane spread its wings,
We're taking flight
Uuuuuuuuuuu
We're flying to Moscow! (Arms to the sides, running on tiptoes) Arrived.

Physical education lesson “We are airplanes today”

Today we are airplanes
(Children sit and make rotational movements with their hands - “start the engine”)
We are not children, we are pilots.
(Clap your hands.)
Hands are the nose, and hands are the wings
(touch your nose with your finger, and then straighten your arms to the side like wings)
The squadron took off. (running, arms to the sides).

Children about airplanes: outdoor game “Airplanes”

Game 1. Game “Planes” to reinforce the correct pronunciation of the sound r.

Children make rotational movements with their arms in front of their chests - “start the engines” and say rrrrr. Then they run in a circle, holding their arms straight out to the sides like the wings of an airplane. In the words “Planes to land!” children must quickly “fly” to the airfield and sit on one knee, holding their arms to the sides like wings.

Game 2. Outdoor game “Planes”. In this game, children will become familiar with the commands that the dispatcher gives to the pilot.

While playing airplanes, children will also learn how to act in a singalong manner, as well as run around the playground in different directions without bumping into each other.

Show the children all the play activities.

An adult plays the role of a dispatcher and gives the signal: “Start the engine!”, and the children make rotational movements with their arms in front of their chest. Next, the adult in the role of the dispatcher says: “Taxi for takeoff, take off. Let’s fly!”, and the children spread their straight arms to the sides and fly around the playground.

At the end of the game the signal is given: “Landing! Taxi to the parking lot,” and the children run to the “airfield” (the place where the airfield is located is discussed before the start of the game).

There may be other dispatcher commands: “Fog! Turn around. Fly to an alternate airfield”, “Fly around the thunderstorm”, “You are getting dangerously close. Give way to the plane….(name)"

Note: In this active game, the child learns what can happen in flight and how the pilot should react to these events. Children will be able to use this information in their role-playing and director's games with airplanes.

Finger gymnastics “Airplane”

Finger gymnastics “I will build an airplane”

For finger gymnastics we will use V. Shishov’s poem “I will build an airplane.”

I'll build a plane
I’ll put on my helmet and take off.
Through the wavy mists,
I'll fly to other countries,
Over the seas and forests,
Over the mountains and fields,
I will cover the entire globe,
And then I'll return home.
V. Shishkov

Hand movements in finger gymnastics “Airplane”: option 1.

• first line. Children knock their fists against each other.
• second line. Children pretend to put a helmet on their head.
• third and fourth lines. Wave-like movements with both hands.
• fifth line. The right palm is near the eyebrows as if we are looking into the distance.
• sixth line. Left palm at the eyebrows - look into the distance.
• seventh line - draw a circle in the air with your right hand
• eighth line - make a figure above your head - a “roof” - with both hands.

Another version of finger gymnastics “Airplane”

• first line. We spread our straight arms to the sides like the wings of an airplane.
• second line. With both hands we show the helmet above our head.
• third and fourth lines. The child places his palms on the table with the back side up and moves all the fingers on both hands, slightly lifting them from the table surface.
• fifth and sixth line - we make “splashing” movements with all the fingers of both hands at the same time.
• seventh line - clasp an imaginary ball with both hands
• eighth line - we cross our hands (the left hand looks to the right, and the right hand looks to the left and we move the fingers of both hands like the wings of a bird)

Finger gymnastics “We’ll build the plane ourselves”

You will need a regular pencil. Place the pencil on the middle of the middle finger of your right hand (the hand is palm down). Pass another pencil under your index and ring fingers (an adult does this). It turns out to be an airplane made from two pencils. The child depicts how his plane flies to the poems of A. Barto:

We'll build the plane ourselves
Let's fly over the forests.
Let's fly over the forests,
And then we'll go back to mom.

Then repeat this movement with your other hand.

Finger gymnastics “The plane is flying high, high”

The child’s right hand represents an airplane: you need to spread and straighten the thumb and ring finger. These are airplane wings. And keep the other three fingers (index, middle and ring) next to each other, without spreading them apart (this is the body of the airplane).

The plane is flying high, high,
It’s not easy for him to land!
(Children move their hand - the plane in different directions, making sure that the wings of the plane “look” to the side, and that the body of the plane is united and is not divided into separate parts).

The pilot makes a circle after a circle.
The plane is his comrade and friend!
(Children make movements in a circle with their hands - like an airplane).

The plane landed on the runway,
He ran forward and the flight was over.
(Children lower their hand - the plane onto the table, move it along the table and stop their hand).

The doors opened, the ground was under the ladder,
And passengers are greeted by friends.
(Spread your palms)

Presentation for children about airplanes

You can also download the same presentation on an educational fairy tale about airplanes in our VKontakte group “Child development from birth to school” (see the “Documents” group section on the right under the community videos).

Video for children about airplanes

In this video, children will learn about unusual aircraft - seaplanes, amphibious aircraft. The video will be interesting for school-age children and adults. This is a video from my favorite TV channel “My Joy”.

And another video from the same TV channel for children - a video about giant airplanes and what aircraft modeling is.

More about airplanes for children:

34 riddles for children of preschool and primary school age. Types of riddles. How to write a riddle about an airplane with your child.

We prepared this article especially for the boys of the “Native Path” site as a gift for the holiday on February 23rd together with my husband.

An educational fairy tale for children about airplanes and their types and a presentation were created for children by my husband Andrey, an aircraft designer by profession. And I, the author of this site, have developed games and tasks for children on the topic “Children about airplanes.” We included in the article only that information about airplanes that a child can use in his games about travel, in designing, drawing, sculpting, appliqué, depicting different types of airplanes.

We tried to take into account the main requirement for an educational fairy tale for a child - that he actively participate in it, ask questions, compare, analyze, discuss, draw conclusions, prove, and not just memorize. And I really hope that we succeeded! We will be grateful for your comments on this article.

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An airplane is an aircraft, without which today it is impossible to imagine the movement of people and cargo over long distances. The development of the design of a modern aircraft, as well as the creation of its individual elements, seems to be an important and responsible task. Only highly qualified engineers and specialized specialists are allowed to do this work, since a small error in calculations or a manufacturing defect will lead to fatal consequences for pilots and passengers. It is no secret that any aircraft has a fuselage, load-bearing wings, a power unit, a multi-directional control system and takeoff and landing devices.

The information presented below about the design features of aircraft components will be of interest to adults and children involved in the design development of aircraft models, as well as individual elements.

Airplane fuselage

The main part of the aircraft is the fuselage. The remaining structural elements are attached to it: wings, tail with fins, landing gear, and inside there is a control cabin, technical communications, passengers, cargo and the crew of the aircraft. The aircraft body is assembled from longitudinal and transverse load-bearing elements, followed by metal sheathing (in light-engine versions - plywood or plastic).

When designing an aircraft fuselage, the requirements are for the weight of the structure and maximum strength characteristics. This can be achieved using the following principles:

1. The aircraft fuselage body is made in a shape that reduces drag on air masses and promotes the generation of lift. The volume and dimensions of the aircraft must be proportionally weighed;
2. When designing, the most dense arrangement of the skin and strength elements of the body is provided to increase the useful volume of the fuselage;
3. They focus on the simplicity and reliability of fastening wing segments, takeoff and landing equipment, and power plants;
4. Places for securing cargo, accommodating passengers, and consumables must ensure reliable fastening and balance of the aircraft under various operating conditions;

1. The location of the crew must provide conditions for comfortable control of the aircraft, access to basic navigation and control instruments in extreme situations;
2. During the period of aircraft maintenance, it is possible to freely diagnose and repair failed components and assemblies.

The strength of the aircraft body must be able to withstand loads under various flight conditions, including:

• loads at the attachment points of the main elements (wings, tail, landing gear) during takeoff and landing modes;
• during the flight period, withstand the aerodynamic load, taking into account the inertial forces of the aircraft’s weight, the operation of units, and the functioning of equipment;
• pressure drops in hermetically confined parts of the aircraft, constantly arising during flight overloads.

The main types of aircraft body construction include flat, one- and two-story, wide and narrow fuselage. Beam-type fuselages have proven themselves and are used, including layout options called:

1. Sheathing - the design excludes longitudinally located segments, reinforcement occurs due to frames;
2. Spar - the element has significant dimensions, and the direct load falls on it;
3. Stringer ones - have an original shape, the area and cross-section are smaller than in the spar version.

Important! The uniform distribution of the load on all parts of the aircraft is carried out due to the internal frame of the fuselage, which is represented by the connection of various power elements along the entire length of the structure.

Wing design

A wing is one of the main structural elements of an aircraft, providing lift for flight and maneuvering in air masses. Wings are used to accommodate take-off and landing devices, a power unit, fuel and attachments. The operational and flight characteristics of an aircraft depend on the correct combination of weight, strength, structural rigidity, aerodynamics, and workmanship.

The main parts of the wing are the following list of elements:

1. A hull formed from spars, stringers, ribs, plating;
2. Slats and flaps ensuring smooth takeoff and landing;
3. Interceptors and ailerons - through them the aircraft is controlled in the airspace;
4. Brake flaps designed to reduce the speed of movement during landing;
5. Pylons required for mounting power units.

The structural-force diagram of the wing (the presence and location of parts under load) must provide stable resistance to the forces of torsion, shear and bending of the product. This includes longitudinal and transverse elements, as well as external cladding.

1. Transverse elements include ribs;
2. The longitudinal element is represented by spars, which can be in the form of a monolithic beam and represent a truss. They are located throughout the entire volume of the inner part of the wing. Participate in imparting rigidity to the structure when exposed to bending and lateral forces at all stages of flight;
3. Stringer is also classified as a longitudinal element. Its placement is along the wing along the entire span. Works as a compensator of axial stress for wing bending loads;
4. Ribs are an element of transverse placement. The structure consists of trusses and thin beams. Gives profile to the wing. Provides surface rigidity while distributing a uniform load during the creation of a flight air cushion, as well as attaching the power unit;
5. The skin shapes the wing, providing maximum aerodynamic lift. Together with other structural elements, it increases the rigidity of the wing and compensates for external loads.

The classification of aircraft wings is carried out depending on the design features and the degree of operation of the outer skin, including:

1. Spar type. They are characterized by a slight thickness of the skin, forming a closed contour with the surface of the side members.
2. Monoblock type. The main external load is distributed over the surface of the thick skin, secured by a massive set of stringers. The cladding can be monolithic or consist of several layers.

Important! The joining of wing parts and their subsequent fastening must ensure the transmission and distribution of bending and torque moments arising under various operating conditions.

Aircraft engines

Thanks to the constant improvement of aviation power units, the development of modern aircraft construction continues. The first flights could not be long and were carried out exclusively with one pilot precisely because there were no powerful engines capable of developing the necessary traction force. Over the entire past period, aviation used the following types of aircraft engines:

1. Steam. The principle of operation was to convert steam energy into forward motion, transmitted to the aircraft propeller. Due to its low efficiency, it was used for a short time on the first aircraft models;
2. Piston engines are standard engines with internal combustion of fuel and transmission of torque to propellers. The availability of manufacturing from modern materials allows their use to this day on certain aircraft models. The efficiency is no more than 55.0%, but high reliability and ease of maintenance make the engine attractive;

1. Reactive. The operating principle is based on converting the energy of intense combustion of aviation fuel into the thrust necessary for flight. Today, this type of engine is most in demand in aircraft construction;
2. Gas turbine. They work on the principle of boundary heating and compression of fuel combustion gas aimed at rotating a turbine unit. They are widely used in military aviation. Used in aircraft such as Su-27, MiG-29, F-22, F-35;
3. Turboprop. One of the options for gas turbine engines. But the energy obtained during operation is converted into drive energy for the aircraft propeller. A small part of it is used to form a thrust jet. Mainly used in civil aviation;
4. Turbofan. Characterized by high efficiency. The technology used for injection of additional air for complete combustion of fuel ensures maximum operating efficiency and high environmental safety. Such engines have found their application in the creation of large airliners.

Important! The list of engines developed by aircraft designers is not limited to the above list. At different times, attempts were made to create various variations of power units. In the last century, work was even carried out on the construction of nuclear engines for the benefit of aviation. Prototypes were tested in the USSR (TU-95, AN-22) and the USA (Convair NB-36H), but were withdrawn from testing due to the high environmental hazard in aviation accidents.

Controls and signaling

The complex of on-board equipment, command and actuator devices of the aircraft are called controls. Commands are given from the pilot cabin and are carried out by elements of the wing plane and tail feathers. Different types of aircraft use different types of control systems: manual, semi-automatic and fully automated.

The controls, regardless of the type of control system, are divided as follows:

1. Basic control, which includes actions responsible for adjusting flight conditions, restoring the longitudinal balance of the aircraft in predetermined parameters, these include:

• levers directly controlled by the pilot (wheel, elevator, horizon, command panels);
• communications for connecting control levers with elements of actuators;
• direct executing devices (ailerons, stabilizers, spoiler systems, flaps, slats).

1. Additional control used during takeoff or landing modes.

When using manual or semi-automatic control of an aircraft, the pilot can be considered an integral part of the system. Only he can collect and analyze information about the aircraft’s position, load indicators, compliance of the flight direction with planned data, and make decisions appropriate to the situation.

To obtain objective information about the flight situation and the state of the aircraft components, the pilot uses groups of instruments, let’s name the main ones:

1. Aerobatic and used for navigation purposes. Determine coordinates, horizontal and vertical position, speed, linear deviations. They control the angle of attack in relation to the oncoming air flow, the operation of gyroscopic devices and many equally significant flight parameters. On modern aircraft models they are combined into a single flight and navigation system;
2. To control the operation of the power unit. They provide the pilot with information about the temperature and pressure of oil and aviation fuel, the flow rate of the working mixture, the number of revolutions of the crankshafts, the vibration indicator (tachometers, sensors, thermometers, etc.);
3. To monitor the functioning of additional equipment and aircraft systems. They include a set of measuring instruments, the elements of which are located in almost all structural parts of the aircraft (pressure gauges, air consumption indicators, pressure drop in pressurized closed cabins, flap positions, stabilizing devices, etc.);
4. To assess the state of the surrounding atmosphere. The main measured parameters are outside air temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, and speed indicators of air mass movement. Special barometers and other adapted measuring instruments are used.

Important! The measuring instruments used to monitor the condition of the machine and the external environment are specially designed and adapted for difficult operating conditions.

Takeoff and landing systems 2280

Takeoff and landing are considered critical periods during aircraft operation. During this period, maximum loads occur on the entire structure. Only reliably designed landing gear can guarantee acceptable acceleration for lifting into the sky and a soft touch to the surface of the landing strip. In flight, they serve as an additional element to stiffen the wings.

The design of the most common chassis models is represented by the following elements:

• folding strut, compensating lot loads;
• shock absorber (group), ensures smooth operation of the aircraft when moving along the runway, compensates for shocks during contact with the ground, can be installed in conjunction with stabilizer dampers;
• braces, which act as reinforcers of structural rigidity, can be called rods, are located diagonally with respect to the rack;
• traverses attached to the fuselage structure and landing gear wings;
• orientation mechanism - to control the direction of movement on the lane;
• locking systems that ensure the rack is secured in the required position;
• cylinders designed to extend and retract the landing gear.

How many wheels does an airplane have? The number of wheels is determined depending on the model, weight and purpose of the aircraft. The most common is the placement of two main racks with two wheels. Heavier models are three-post (located under the bow and wings), four-post - two main and two additional support ones.

Video

The described design of the aircraft gives only a general idea of ​​the main structural components and allows us to determine the degree of importance of each element during the operation of the aircraft. Further study requires in-depth engineering training, special knowledge of aerodynamics, strength of materials, hydraulics and electrical equipment. At aircraft manufacturing enterprises, these issues are dealt with by people who have undergone training and special training. You can independently study all the stages of creating an aircraft, but to do this you should be patient and be ready to gain new knowledge.

The military-industrial complex of Russia is one of the most modern in the world, therefore Russian military aviation is also one of the most modern on the planet.

The Russian military-industrial complex is capable of producing almost any type of modern military aircraft, including fifth-generation fighters.

Russian military aviation consists of:

• Russian bombers
• Russian fighters
• Russian attack aircraft
• Russian AWACS aircraft
• Flying tankers (refuelers) of Russia
• Russian military transport aircraft
• Russian military transport helicopters
• Russian attack helicopters

The main manufacturers of military aircraft in Russia are PJSC Sukhoi Company, JSC RSK MiG, Moscow Helicopter Plant named after M. L. Mil, JSC Kamov and others.

You can see photos and descriptions of some companies' products using the links:

Let's look at each class of military aircraft with descriptions and photographs.

Russian bombers

Wikipedia will very accurately explain to us what a bomber is: A bomber is a military aircraft designed to destroy ground, underground, surface, and underwater targets using bombs and/or missiles. .

Long-range bombers of Russia

Long-range bombers in Russia are developed and produced by the Tupolev Design Bureau.

Long-range bomber Tu-160

The Tu-160, which received the unofficial name “White Swan”, is the fastest and heaviest long-range bomber in the world. The Tu-160 “White Swan” is capable of reaching supersonic speed, and not every fighter is able to keep up with it.

Long-range bomber Tu-95

Tu-95 is a veteran of Russian long-range aviation. Developed back in 1955 and having undergone many upgrades, the Tu-95 is still Russia's main long-range bomber.

Long-range bomber Tu-22M

Tu-22M is another long-range bomber of the Russian Aerospace Forces. It has variable sweep wings, like the Tu-160, but its dimensions are smaller.

Frontline bombers of Russia

Frontline bombers in Russia are developed and produced by PJSC Sukhoi Company.

Su-34 front-line bomber

The Su-34 is a 4++ generation combat aircraft, a fighter-bomber, although it would be more accurate to call it a front-line bomber.

Su-24 front-line bomber

Su-24 is a front-line bomber, the development of which began in the USSR in the early 60s of the last century. Currently, it is being replaced by the Su-34.

Russian fighters

Fighter aircraft in Russia are developed and produced by two companies: PJSC Sukhoi Company and JSC RSK MiG.

Su fighters

PJSC Sukhoi Company supplies the troops with such modern combat vehicles as the fifth generation fighter Su-50 (PAK FA), Su-35, front-line bomber Su-34, carrier-based fighter Su-33, Su-30, heavy fighter Su-34 27, Su-25 attack aircraft, Su-24M3 front-line bomber.

Fifth generation fighter PAK FA (T-50)

PAK FA (T-50 or Su-50) is a fifth-generation fighter developed by PJSC Sukhoi Company for the Russian Aerospace Forces since 2002. As of the end of 2016, tests are being completed and the aircraft is being prepared for transfer to regular units.

Photo PAK FA (T-50).

Su-35 is a 4++ generation fighter aircraft.

Photo of Su-35.

Carrier-based fighter Su-33

Su-33 is a 4++ generation carrier-based fighter. Several such aircraft are in service with the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov.

Su-27 fighter

The Su-27 is the main combat fighter of the Russian Aerospace Forces. On its basis, the Su-34, Su-35, Su-33 and several other fighters were developed.

Su-27 in flight

MiG fighters

RSK MiG JSC currently supplies the troops with the MiG-31 interceptor fighter and the MiG-29 fighter.

MiG-31 interceptor fighter

The MiG-31 is an interceptor fighter designed to perform missions at any time of the day and in any weather. The MiG-31 is a very fast aircraft.

MiG-29 fighter

The MiG-29 is one of the main combat fighters of the Russian Aerospace Forces. There is a deck version - MiG-29K.

Stormtroopers

The only attack aircraft in service with the Russian Aerospace Forces is the Su-25 attack aircraft.

Su-25 attack aircraft

Su-25 is an armored subsonic attack aircraft. The aircraft made its first flight in 1975. Since then, having undergone many upgrades, it has reliably performed its tasks.

Russian military helicopters

Helicopters for the army are produced by the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after M.L. Mil and JSC Kamov.

Kamov helicopters

OJSC Kamov specializes in the production of coaxial helicopters.

Ka-52 helicopter

The Ka-52 Alligator is a two-seat helicopter capable of performing both attack and reconnaissance functions.

Deck helicopter Ka-31

The Ka-31 is a deck-based helicopter equipped with a long-range radio detection and guidance system and is in service with the aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov.

Deck helicopter Ka-27

The Ka-27 is a multi-purpose carrier-based helicopter. The main modifications are anti-submarine and rescue.

Photo of Ka-27PL Russian Navy

Helicopters Mile

Mi helicopters are developed by the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after M.L. Mil.

Mi-28 helicopter

The Mi-28 is a Soviet-designed attack helicopter used by the Russian Army.

Mi-24 helicopter

The Mi-24 is a world-famous attack helicopter created in the 1970s in the USSR.

Mi-26 helicopter

Mi-24 is a heavy transport helicopter, also developed during the Soviet era. At the moment it is the largest helicopter in the world.

Flight geometric and weight characteristics, general layout, equipment used, as well as the design of individual parts are largely determined by the purpose of the aircraft. According to their purpose, all aircraft can be divided into two large groups: 1) civil and 2) military.

Civil aircraft
Civil aircraft are used to transport passengers, cargo, mail and serve various sectors of the national economy. They, in turn, can be divided into the following main types.

1. Passenger aircraft designed to transport passengers, baggage and mail. Depending on the flight range, the number of passengers carried, the size and type of runways, these aircraft are divided into mainline and local airlines.

Long-haul aircraft, depending on their flight range, are divided into:
a) short-range ones with a flight range of 1000...2000 km;
b) medium ones with a flight range of 3000...4000 km;
c) long-range with a flight range of 5000...11,000 km.

Local airlines are divided into:
a) heavy with the number of passengers 50...55;
b) medium ones with the number of passengers 24...30;
c) light with the number of passengers 8...20.

2. Cargo aircraft, the main purpose of which is the transportation of various cargoes.

3. Special purpose aircraft used in various areas of the national economy. These are polar, agricultural, and ambulance aircraft, aircraft for geological aerial reconnaissance, for protecting forests from fires, for aerial photography, etc.

4. Training aircraft used to train pilots. They are divided into initial training and transitional aircraft. Initial training aircraft are two-seater aircraft that are quite simple to learn and pilot. Transitional aircraft are used to train pilots to fly production aircraft in service.

Military aircraft are used to carry out air strikes against military installations, communications, manpower and equipment of the enemy in the rear and in the front line, to protect friendly installations and troops from enemy aircraft, for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and cargo, for intelligence, communications, etc.

Depending on the specific purpose, military aircraft can be divided into the following types.
1. Bombers, the purpose of which is to carry out bombing strikes on the most important objects, communication centers, places of concentration of enemy equipment and manpower in his rear.

2. Fighters that serve to combat enemy aircraft. They, in turn, can be divided into several types:
a) escort fighters, designed to protect their bombers performing a combat mission from enemy aircraft;
b) front-line fighters, providing protection for their troops from
enemy aviation over the battlefield and in the front line;
c) anti-aircraft fighters - interceptor fighters, the purpose of which is to intercept and destroy enemy bombers.

3. Fighter-bombers, equipped with bombs, missiles and cannon weapons and used to strike targets in the area of ​​forward positions and in the near rear of the enemy and to destroy his aircraft.

4. Military transport aircraft used for landing troops, transporting troops, equipment and various cargoes.

5. Reconnaissance aircraft designed to conduct aerial reconnaissance behind enemy lines and over the theater of military operations.

6. Auxiliary aircraft, which include spotter aircraft, communication aircraft, ambulance aircraft, etc.

The main parts of the aircraft and their purpose
The main parts of an aircraft are the wing, fuselage, tail, landing gear and power plant.

A wing is the load-bearing surface of an aircraft, designed to create aerodynamic lift.

The fuselage is the main part of the aircraft structure, which serves to connect all its parts into one whole, as well as to accommodate the crew, passengers, equipment and cargo.

The tail is a load-bearing surface designed to provide longitudinal and directional stability and controllability.

Landing gear is an aircraft support system used for takeoff, landing, movement and parking on the ground, the deck of a ship or on the water.

The power plant, the main elements of which is the engine, is used to create thrust.

In addition to these main parts, the aircraft has a large number of different equipment. It is equipped with main control systems (control of control surfaces: ailerons, elevators and rudder), auxiliary control (control of mechanization, retraction and release of landing gear, hatch doors, equipment units, etc.), hydraulic and pneumatic equipment, electrical equipment, high-altitude, protective equipment, etc.

Classification of aircraft according to the scheme
The classification of aircraft according to the scheme is carried out taking into account the relative position, shape, number and type of individual components that make up the aircraft. The aircraft layout is determined by the following features:

1) the number and location of wings;
2) type of fuselage;
3) the location of the tail
4) chassis type;
5) type, number and location of engines.

It is possible to fully characterize the design of an aircraft only on the basis of all these five features. Classification according to only one or several of them cannot give a complete picture of the scheme.

Based on the number of wings, all aircraft are divided into biplanes and monoplanes, and the latter, depending on the relative position of the wing and fuselage, are divided into low planes, midplanes and high planes. Based on the type of fuselage, aircraft are divided into one fuselage and two-boom. Depending on the conditions of takeoff and landing, airplanes may have wheeled, ski, or float landing gear. For seaplanes, the fuselage can also serve as a boat. There are mixed designs: wheeled ski chassis, amphibious boat.

Piston and gas turbine engines are used as the main engines on modern aircraft. The most widely used engines at present are gas turbine engines, which, in turn, are divided into turboprop, turbojet, turbojet with afterburner and turbojet bypass. The choice of the type of engines, their number and location is determined to a large extent by the purpose of the aircraft and has a significant impact on its design.

Military aircraft are aircraft used for military front-line or combat sorties, designed for high power without taking into account efficiency, in contrast to civil aviation aircraft.

Military aircraft, first of all, are required to have a high rate of climb, as well as greater speed, altitude and flight range. For the operational conduct of air warfare, long-range bomber aircraft and missile carriers are used to destroy military targets. Refueling aircraft, which only have fuel on board, have the ability to refuel combat aircraft directly in flight. Military aircraft include long-range reconnaissance aircraft with long range, altitude and flight speed. Tactical military aircraft include fighter aircraft (or starfighters), fighter-bombers, light bombers, and tactical reconnaissance aircraft. Modern military aircraft are often designed as multi-role aircraft, i.e. they are intended for combat use as attack aircraft, interceptor fighters and reconnaissance aircraft.

1) Fighter aircraft (fighters)

A fighter aircraft is a very fast one- or two-seat combat aircraft for destroying (searching for) enemy combat aircraft, unmanned missiles, etc. All modern fighter aircraft are equipped with one or two air-breathing engines for propulsion. The speed exceeds sound and is currently about 3500 km/h, the rate of climb near the ground is over 200 m/s and the maximum operating altitude is up to 30,000 m. The armament consists of 2 to 5 fixed automatic guns (with a caliber of 2.0 to 3 .7 cm) and ballistic, radio-controlled or homing air-to-air missiles. In addition, for the most part, fighter aircraft have extensive electronic equipment such as radar, recognition device, etc.

Heavy fighter aircraft or fighter-bombers combine the flight power and flight qualities of fighters - high combat speed and rate of climb, high maximum flight altitude, good maneuverability - and the qualities of light and medium bombers - long flight range, good armament, high payload, extensive electronic and radar equipment. They are highly versatile in their combat capabilities. Their intended purposes include, among other things, actions to intercept and attack ground targets, search for submarines, support formations of ships and ground combat operations, and combat use as an escort fighter or reconnaissance aircraft. Armament and equipment accordingly meet the assigned tasks. Radar installations are standard; weapons usually consist of large-caliber guns and missiles (air-to-air or air-to-ground), as well as bombs and torpedoes as bomber weapons. Since there is no free space in the fuselage of these military aircraft, bombs, missiles and additional fuel tanks are suspended under and at the ends of the wings. The speed performance of heavy bombers is between Mach number 0.2 and 2, the maximum flight altitude is from 15,000 to 20,000 m, and the flight range is from 1,500 to 4,500 km.

Previously, there were special night fighters that were used specifically for combat operations at night, as they were equipped with instruments for blind flight. Most modern fighter aircraft are all-weather, i.e. they can fly combat missions in bad weather conditions, as well as at night. Also, all-weather fighter aircraft are often called heavy fighters, since they are in most cases two-seat and equipped with two engines.

The essence of effective air defense is to “intercept” an incoming enemy and prevent him from completing his combat mission, and therefore destroy him. This requires fighter aircraft with good take-off power, high speeds, a high maximum flight altitude and good armament, namely fighter-interceptors. First of all, they are deployed close to the border of industrial centers and other protected sites.

The use of high-speed and high-flying combat aircraft (bombers) with a jet engine has significantly increased the requirements for the rate of climb, speed and maximum altitude of interceptor fighters. This leads to the following power characteristics: maximum speed from 2000 to 2500 km/h, flight range is 2000-3500 km. Such indicators require, with an average take-off weight of 7 to 12 tons, the use of engines with a thrust of 3000 to 5000 kgf, whose power can increase by another 50% due to additional fuel combustion. For short-term acceleration, especially when climbing, additional rocket propulsion systems can be used.

2) Bomber aircraft (bombers)

Fighter aircraft are primarily used to solve defensive missions, while for bombers offensive actions are put in the foreground. A bomber is a large, heavy military aircraft with multiple turbojet engines (jet turbines or turboprop engines). On short runways or when overloaded, bombers are often equipped with auxiliary launch rockets.

Bombers are tasked with attacking distant targets quickly and at high altitude with explosive charges in the form of bombs. Because of the great danger of approaching a target in a hostile area, more and more bombers are being upgraded to missile carriers, which launch missiles at a great distance from the target and are remotely controlled to hit it while the bomber itself is outside the area controlled by enemy forces. The take-off weight of modern bombers reaches 230 tons, and the total thrust is over 50,000 kgf or, accordingly, the total power is approximately 50,000 hp. Bomb load depends on tactical range; it reaches up to 16,000 km without refueling, and even more when refueling in the air. The flight altitude reaches 20,000 m, and the crew size can be 12 people. The speed of modern bombers exceeds 2000 km/h; Bombers are currently being designed that will have even greater speed. Defensive weapons consist of rockets, machine guns and automatic cannons.

Like all types of aircraft, bombers can also be classified according to different aspects, such as bomb load and thus take-off weight (light, medium and heavy bombers) or depending on their combat purpose (tactical and strategic bombers).

Tactical bombers are aircraft that are designed to solve certain specific tasks of operational warfare, namely, tactical missions. This means actions that change the situation on a certain section of the front and subjugate the entire target, and therefore the destruction in a certain area of ​​concentration of enemy troops, assembly areas, firing positions, airfields, supply routes, etc.

Based on this formulation of the problem, we can formulate the basic requirements for tactical bombers: high combat speed, bomb load up to 10 tons, maximum flight range up to 6000 km. As a result of these requirements, design features are defined that can be summarized as follows: an aircraft with one, two, three or four jet engines with a take-off weight of 20 to 50 tons, with remotely controlled defensive weapons or air-to-air missiles, electronic and radar equipment, with a durable body capable of withstanding heavy loads when flying at low altitudes. From all this, it can be argued that tactical bombers have a certain similarity with heavy fighters, both in their tasks and in their parameters.

Strategic bombers. Strategy is the science of waging war on a large scale. The word strategic means large-scale military operations. This also explains the combat purpose of strategic bombers. These military aircraft are designed to perform combat missions deep behind enemy lines.

All bombers are equipped with radar equipment to search for targets and locate attacking fighter aircraft. Combat sorties are carried out in small groups or alone. Since modern bombers have almost the same speed as fighters, the same flight range, as well as significant defensive capability thanks to air-to-air missiles, today they often refuse fighter cover.

Bombers were first used during the First World War, alone or in small groups. In the Second World War, “massive” combat missions took place in large groups, which numbered several hundred bombers and flew under the cover of fighter aircraft. Bombers of that time had several engines, were relatively slow, designed for a maximum bomb load and a large number of defensive weapons. Modern ones, on the contrary, are designed for long range, altitude, and flight speed. In most cases, reconnaissance planes flew ahead and were intended to find the target. Unlike the bombers of that time, they were equipped with radar devices. Thanks to luminous aerial bombs dropped by parachute, the target was identified. A special type was considered a dive bomber, which approached the target from a great height, then rammed it in a fast dive flight, and dropped one or more bombs from a short distance. After this, the bomber again leveled its position in flight. After the design of intercontinental missiles, there was an opinion that strategic bombers were obsolete. But thanks to their development into missile carriers and flying launchers, they have recently regained their importance.

3) Reconnaissance aircraft (reconnaissance aircraft)

These are multi-seat, lightly armed fighters or bombers (without a bomb load), which are equipped with aerial cameras, radar instruments, often devices for transmitting television signals, or also ship-borne aircraft for aerial reconnaissance, i.e. for reconnaissance of positions, objects, etc. of the enemy, territory and weather conditions in the interests of all parts of their own armed forces. Previously, depending on the maximum flight range and field of application, short-range and long-range reconnaissance aircraft were distinguished. Today, depending on the combat purpose, they talk about tactical and strategic reconnaissance officers. There are special reconnaissance aircraft for conducting artillery fire from the air, for reconnaissance of the area in the firing zone of one's own artillery thanks to visual reconnaissance or aerial photographs, and also for monitoring the camouflage of one's own artillery. Such aircraft are called artillery aircraft. They belong to short-range reconnaissance or tactical reconnaissance.

4) Military transport aircraft

These are large aircraft that have from 2 to 8 engines and a flight range of 3000 km or more. They are lightly armed or not armed at all and are designed to transport supplies for troops (food, fuel, ammunition, weapons, also guns, tanks, vehicles, etc.). Military transport aircraft are used for landing (landing) airborne troops, as well as transporting troops during regroupings. The fleet of military transport aviation vehicles consists of transport aircraft, cargo gliders and helicopters, which are equipped accordingly.