What are the names of the cables on which sailors stand while working on the yards? Sail (classification, details and names of ship sails). The main structural elements of the hull of a vessel

a spar protruding forward from the bow of a sailing ship, used to set the forward slanting sails
Bugsprit m. Morsk. the front mast on a ship, lying inclined forward, beyond the cutwater. The continuation of the bowsprit is a jig, and the transverse tree is a blindar. The sails on the bowsprit are triangular: fore-staysail, jib and boom-jib

GIK

spar
spar (marine)
spar to which the sail is attached
spar, one end movably connected to the lower part of the mast
part of the yacht's equipment: a spar tree fixed at one end to the mast, along which the lower edge of the oblique sail is stretched

FIRE

(gol. oogen literally eyes) - a sea ring at the end or middle of the tackle, with which the tackle is put on a spar (mast, gaff, etc.)

COCOA

inclined chocolate tree, Theobroma Sasao, and its bean-shaped fruit, from which cocoa drinks and chocolate are prepared. Cocoa, relating to the tree, fruit or drink cocoa. Cocoa tree, chocolate tree, Theobroma sasao tree
lipstick tree
tree seed drink
tropical tree for "Nesquik"
chocolate tree
chocolate tree for Nesquik
chocolate tree drink
in Aztec legend: a tree that survived the destruction of a garden
tropical tree seed drink
tropical tree whose seeds are used to make chocolate
this word is used to describe both the tree of the genus Theobroma and the product from its seeds
a species of evergreen tree from the genus Theobroma
tropical tree for "Nesquik"
chocolate tree for "Nesquik"

Let's consider main elements of the vessel. A small vessel, like any transport vessel, consists of a hull (the vessel itself) and a superstructure or deckhouse. The hull of the ship is the main part, which includes the frame and plating. The set consists of longitudinal and transverse links that serve as the basis for the plating - the shell of the vessel, which provides the hull with water resistance and, together with the set, strength and rigidity. The outlines of the hull are usually smooth, with sharp points characteristic only of the bow and stern. The front end of the vessel is called the bow, and the rear end is called the stern; the sides, or walls of the hull - the right and left sides, when viewed from the stern. The part of the hull that is under water is called underwater, and above the water is called surface, the lower part of the hull is called the bottom, and the upper, horizontal part is called the deck. Small vessels, such as motorboats, may not have a deck.

Superstructure is a structure above the hull of a ship, which is a continuation of its sides, or a room located on the deck along the entire width of the ship (hull). A high and developed superstructure not only impairs the stability of the vessel, but also increases its windage - the effect of wind on the vessel.

The deckhouse is a separate part of the superstructure or structure on the deck, which does not occupy the entire width of the ship's hull (there are passages on the deck along the sides). On small vessels, the pilothouse is often referred to as the room for controlling the vessel and engine. Only large boats and motor yachts have superstructures and separate deckhouses. On most powerboats, the superstructure and deckhouse are combined.

The bulwark is a lightweight structure - a continuation of the side above the deck in the bow and middle parts of the vessel. At the aft end, the bulwark is called a tailrail. The bulwark can be temporary (wooden or canvas), raised during rough seas, when passing rapids, sailing, etc.

Cockpit - a cutout or recess in the deck to accommodate people.

The engine well is a watertight structure at the transom of the vessel, forming a recess in the hull of the vessel and designed to accommodate an outboard motor and provide the required freeboard height.

A ship's hull set (see figure) is a structural design consisting of longitudinal and transverse links: keel, stem, sternpost.

The main structural elements of the hull of a vessel - boat

1 - deck flooring; 2 - beam; 3 - carlings; 4 - cockpit trim; 5 - slan; 6 - cockpit coaming;
7 - aft bulkhead; 8 - transom; 9 - motor niche; 10 - stem; 11 - keel;
12 - side (outer) plating; 13 - gunwale; 14 - zygomatic stringer; 15 - deck stringer; 16 - half beam; 17 - zygomatic book; 18 - side stringer.

The keel is the main longitudinal connection running along the entire length of the vessel from stem to sternpost in the form of a beam. The keel is an element that ensures the strength of the vessel.

The stem is a forward structural design (a continuation of the keel). This completes the set of the ship's hull from the bow. In small motor vessels, the stem is usually inclined, smoothly turning into the keel.

Sternpost - structural design of the stern end of the vessel (continuation of the keel). This ends the set. The sternpost can consist of two parts: the front one - the steering post, through which the propeller shaft passes, and the rear one - the rudder post, onto which the rudder is hung. On motorboats, there is a transom board (transom) at the stern.

Stringers are internal longitudinal connections for fastening the skin. They are divided into side and bottom - keelsons.

Carlings are longitudinal under-deck connections.

Frames are transverse side braces of the hull. The distance between two frames is called spacing. In a theoretical drawing, booms are the contours of the cross-section of a ship.

Beams are transverse under-deck connections of the deck. The hull of a small boat can be divided by transverse bulkheads, which are made watertight. Bulkheads extend to the deck or are of varying heights. The outermost bow part of the vessel between the stem and the first bow bulkhead is called the forepeak, the outermost aft compartment is the afterpeak.

Fender beam:

A longitudinal beam on the inside of the side of a wooden boat at the height of the waterline, and more often above it, connecting the upper ends of the frames of one side;

A wooden or metal beam installed outside the side to protect the ship from damage during impacts during mooring.

Gunwale - a flat beam covering the edge of the skin and the ends of the frames.

The shoulder is a longitudinal wooden rail on the outside of the sides, which acts as an external fender that serves to protect the sides from damage.

Coaming is a structure bordering a cutout in the deck to protect hatches and cockpits from being overwhelmed by water.

Slan, or payol - boards made of boards that are laid on the frames to protect them and the sheathing.

In addition to the hull, the small vessel has a number of devices: steering, mooring, anchor etc.

With sails are called connected panels of canvas that absorb wind pressure and are used to move the vessel. The totality of all sails is called sailing equipment ship. Windage refers to both the total area of all sails and the types of sails that a given sail carries. vessel or boat (latin, straight, storm, etc.). A distinction is made between bow sail, the area of the sails that are located towards the bow from the vertical axis of rotation. ship, and aft - the area of the sails, which are located aft of this axis. These terms are used to study the effect that the corresponding sails have on the yaw and maneuverability of the ship.

Sail classification

Sails are divided depending on their shape and attachment location.
The shapes are divided into rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails.
Depending on the mounting location:
the upper edge of the sails, which are attached to the yard;
sails are one of the sides that are attached to the mast;
sails in which one of the sides is attached to a cable.
In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first are placed across, and the second along the center plane of the vessel. Oblique sails are divided into lateen, gaff, jibs and staysails.

Straight sails

Straight sails They have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal shape and are attached to the yard with their upper side. The lower side, usually slightly curved towards the top, is attached to the underlying yard or deck of the ship using sheets and tacks. Straight sails are easy to attach and set, and easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but it is extremely inconvenient for a ship to maneuver with them, since the smallest (effective) angle between the wind direction and the center plane of the bow of the ship is approximately 67 degrees. Vessels with such sails are the five-masted ship “Royal Clipper”, the four-masted barque “Kruzenshtern”. Depending on the yard to which the sail is attached, there are: foresails, fore-topsails (lower and upper), fore-topsails (lower and upper), main-topsails (lower and upper) and main-bom-topsails; mizzen, cruysels (lower and upper), cruys-bramsels (lower and upper) and cruys-bom-bramsels. (Fig. 1)

1 - fore-topmast-staysail; 2 - middle jib; 3 - jib; 4 - boom jib; 5 - foresail; 6 - lower fore-topsail; 7 - upper fore-topsail; 8 - lower fore-bramsel; 9 - upper fore-bramsel; 10 - fore-bom-bramsel; 11 - fore-trumsel; 12 - grotto; 13 - lower mainsail-bracket; 14 - upper mainsail; 15 - lower mainsail-bracket; 16 - upper mainsail; 17 - main-bom-bramsail; 18 - mainsail; 19 - mainsail (small sail, which was used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - lower cruiser; 22 - upper cruiser; 23 - lower cruise-bramsel; 24 - upper cruise-bramsel; 25 - cruise-bom-bramsel; 26 - cruise ship; 27 - counter-mizzen; 28 - fore-under-foil; 29 - fore-mars-foil; 30 - fore-bram-foil; 31 - for-bom-bram-foil;

Straight sails Previously, they were installed on a blind-topmast (bomb-blinda-boven), as well as on a blind and bomb-blinda-yard (a blind under the bowsprit and a bomb-blind under the jig). Their special feature was two or three holes made to drain water that fell on the sail. The foresail, mainsail and mizzen are called lower or storm sails, the rest - topsails, topsails and top topsails - topsails. (Fig. 2)

set of straight sails

I - normal with one topsail: 1 - mainsail, 2 - topsail, 3 - topsail, 4 - top topsail;
II - with lower and upper topsails: 1 - mainsail, 2 - lower topsail, 3 - upper topsail, 4 - lower topsail, 5 - upper topsail, 6 - boom topsail;

lateen sails

lateen sails these are triangular-shaped sails, tied to the yard with the long side; in the center plane of the vessel, towards the stern, they are stretched using a sheet. Lateen sails are classified as oblique sails. They allow the ship to sail at an angle of 20 degrees relative to the ship's heading and wind direction. Latin sails are named depending on their belonging to a particular mast, namely: lateen foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used on galleys was called “bastardo”, the middle one was “borda”, the smallest one was “marabotto”. Each sail was set depending on the strength of the wind. In case of bad weather, a straight storm sail was raised on the “fortuna yard”. Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with straight sails, the mizzen mast carried a lateen mizzen. Already from the middle of the 18th century, mizzen began to be used in two forms: traditional triangular (the so-called French-type mizzen) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side on the yard, and the front, vertical, on the mast (English-type mizzen). The mizzen of this shape was similar to a gaff sail - a trysail. (Fig. 3)

Gaff sails

Gaff sails have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into gaff sails (trisails)), gulf topsails, luger or rack And sprint. Trysail has the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which is attached with its upper edge to the mizzen gaff, the lower edge to the mizzen boom and the vertical side to the mast or trysail mast. Gulf topsail is a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to the mizzen gaff, and with its vertical side - to the topmast. Triseli placed on the mizzen masts of ships with straight sails and on all masts of a gaff schooner. On tenders, the trysail and gulf topsail are currently replaced by one triangular sail, the vertical side of which runs along the mast along a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower side is attached to the boom. In the UK it was called Bermuda.

Luger or rack sails They are a type of gaff: their upper side is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is attached to a third of the length of the rail, counting from the front end. They are called “Tretyaks”. The lower front corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear corner - towards the stern. There is also a quarter. This is the name of a lugger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is at one quarter of the length of the batten, counting from the front leg. Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear bow angle, which is stretched by a diagonally placed rod - the sprint. The lower end of the sprint rests against the line on the mast, and the upper end rests against the rear butt corner of the sail. Previously, gaff sails were divided into gaff sails with a gaff and a boom (brigantine); gaff sails without boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, called “livarda” - after the name of the sprint sail; luger sails, identical to the Tretyaks, and billanders, also similar to the Tretyaks. The billander was the main sail of ships used by the English and Dutch as merchant ships. These were two-masted ships with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yard. Oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers, installed on the bow using a shot - a spinnaker boom - and used in a tailwind. This sail is considered optional. (Fig. 4)

Staysails

These triangular sails run on forestays, which is why they get the name staysail (German: stag - forestay, segel - sail). Staysails, located between the foremast and main masts, are divided into the following: mainsail staysail (used extremely rarely), mainsail staysail (called “coal”, as the smoke from the galley chimney polluted it), mainsail staysail and mainsail -bom-bram-sail. An upsail, or “mizzen staysail”, was placed between the main and mizzen masts; cruise-staysail; kruys-bram-sailsail and kruys-bom-bram-sailsail (Fig. 5). Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: mainsail-sailsail, mainsail-staysail, “second” or “small” mainsail-staysail (midshipsail); mainsail staysail, cruise staysail or “cruise jib”; cruise-staysail, cruise-top-staysail and “second” cruise-top-staysail (rarely used).

Cleaver

These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes directly on forestays or rails specially stretched for them. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century.

Modern sailing ships which have a long jib can carry the following jib: on the foresail - a storm fore-topmast staysail or fore-staysail (raised during a storm; in the 18th century, in these cases, a double sail or “storm jib” was installed); on the fore-stay-stay - fore-top-staysail; on the rails - a middle jib, a jib or a boom jib. Sometimes a sixth jib is also used, which runs along the fore-bang stay. With a small jib, sailing ships carried four jibs: a fore-topmast-staysail, a middle jib and a boom-jib (Fig. 6 b). Tenders and yachts are equipped with a special jib, the lower edge of which is of considerable length. Such jib called "Genoa" (Genoa staysail). Military vessels, as a rule, had four jibs: the fore-topmast-staysail, or “small jib”; middle jib, jib, or "second jib" or "false jib"; bom jib, or "third jib".

Additional sails

Sails that are added to the main square sails of a ship to increase speed in light winds are called auxiliary sails. These include: trapezoidal foils and top-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the topsails and topsails, triangular or quadrangular under-foxels, which are placed on the sides of the foresail and mainsail (Fig. 7 or 8).

Previously, canvas, which was attached to straight sails from the sides and sometimes from the bottom, was also called additional. These are foxes or bonnets. They distinguished: fore- and main-bonets (under-lisels), fore- and main-mars-bonets, fore- and main-bram-bonets. Sometimes bonnets or foxes were placed at both the mizzen and the cruisel. During the 14th-16th centuries, bonnets were attached from below directly to the lower sails, including the lateen mizzen. With the introduction of reefs, they went out of use (Fig. 6).

Storm sails

In stormy conditions, the sail area is usually reduced in accordance with the wind strength. Storm sails include the fore-topmast-staysail, storm fore-topmast-staysail, lower topsails, reefed mainsail, mainsail-staysail and reefed mizzen.

Sail parts

Straight sail details

The sails consist of several parallel panels of canvas, overlapped and sewn together with a double seam. The distance between the seams is 2-3 cm. The edges of the sail are folded and stitched, so they are usually double. A vegetable or flexible steel cable, called a lyctros, is sewn along the edges of the sail. The upper edge of the sail, which is tied to the yard, is called the luff or “head”, the side vertical edges are the side luffs and the lower edge is the luff or “sole” (Fig. 9).

The upper corners of the sail are called bow corners, the lower ones - clew corners. (Fig. 10). To strengthen the sail, strips of canvas are sewn in the most stressed areas. If they run parallel to the luff, then they are called bows; if they run obliquely, then they are called bows. The clew and toe corners and the cable rope are additionally sheathed with leather. Reefs are a horizontal row of strings - reef lines, threaded through the sail, which allow, if necessary, to reduce its area. When taking reefs, the canvas between the yard and the corresponding reef bow is rolled up, and the resulting roll is tied with reef bows. This method of taking reefs has survived to this day.

Along the luff of the sail there are grommets, through which small pieces of line are threaded - revenants, which serve to attach the sail to the yard line. (Fig. 11) The sail is placed on the yard and attached with small tips, the so-called outriggers, which are tied to the yard line. The jacket of the laid sail is secured with a triangular piece of canvas tied to the middle of the yard.

Vintage sails

Details vintage sails had the same distinctive features and the same designations as the parts of modern sails. Thus, on a straight sail they distinguished: panels or upper luff, “sides” (side luffs), “legs” (lower luff), clew and foot angles. There were “head”, “side” and “foot” lyktros. To reinforce the sail, boats, stopplates, reef bows with reef gats for reef seasons, etc. were sewn onto it.

Sail parts

I - lower sail or storm sail; II - topsail; III - bramsel;
1 - luff cables; 2 - side luff cables; 3 - reef-roll-hels; 4 - reef seasons; 5 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 6 - revenants; 7 - reef - bows; 8 - reef gates; 9 - krengel boots; 10 - filing; 11 - stopplat; 12 - revenants of the knocking angle; 13 - luff; 14 - side luffs; 15 - luff line; 16 - bowline spruit krengel; (Fig. 12)

full sailing rig of a three-masted ship of the 17th - 18th centuries

1 - grotto; 2 - foresail; 3 - topsails (mainsail, foretopsail or cruise); 4 - bramsel; 5 - bom-bram-sel; 6 - blind or bomb blind; 7 - mizzen; 8 - marsa-foxel; 9 - mainsail staysail; 10 - main-topmast-staysail; 11 - front canopy; 12 - under - fox; 13 - fore-topmast-staysail; 14 - boom jib; 15 - jib; 16 - middle jib; (Fig. 13)

rigging straight sails on a ship of the 18th - early 19th centuries(Fig. 14)

The sail was attached directly to the yard with the help of revants that passed through the eyelets of the luff. On the revant, so that it would not jump out of the eyelet, two knots were made. In a similar way, reef seasons were secured in reef ghats. The hoses were applied in opposite directions and then the ends were tied together. (Fig. 15)

Details of lateen sails

lateen sails They are sewn from canvas, and have folded edges trimmed with lyctross. The luff of the sail, which is attached to the yard, is called the oblique, the stern - the back and the last - the bottom (Fig. 16)

Jib parts

1 - panel; 2 - filing; 3 - lyktros; 4 - boots; 5 - luff; 6 - luff; 7 - lower luff; 8 - tack angle; 9 - kick angle; 10 - clew angle; 11 - eyelets for attaching frames; 12 - krengels;

The upper corner of the sail is called the halyard, the lower forward angle is the tack, and the lower aft angle is the clew. Also called staysail and jib parts. (Fig. 17)

lateen sails They are attached to the yardarms using a running end - a slack line, which passes through the eyelets of the sail and around the yardarm with the loops tightened with a special knot. (Fig. 18)

Gaff sail details

Gaff sails also sewn from panels of canvas and have folded edges around the perimeter. They are trimmed with liktros with corresponding reefs, krengels, bows and bows. The luff that is attached to the gaff is called the top or scythe, the luff that is attached to the mast is called the front (standing), back (clew) and last (lower). Gaff sail attached to the mast using wooden or iron hoops - segars. (Fig. 19)

Trisail parts

1 - panel; 2 - boat; 3 - lyktros; 4 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 5 - reef bows; 6 - reef clews; 7 - tack reef wings; 8 - luff; 9 - luff; 10 - luff; 11 - lower luff; 12 - knock-benzel angle; 13 - clew angle; 14 - tack angle; 15 - upper tack angle; 16 - eyelets for slack line;

Canvas for making sails

Sail sewn from linen, hemp or cotton fabrics. The latter have only transverse threads of cotton, and longitudinal (base) threads of hemp. There are five varieties of such fabrics: “katun” (for sails of shebeks and small ships), double “katun” for topsails and ship awnings, regular “katun” for boats, simple “katun” for shebeks and “katun” with small white and blue squares for tents and curtains. Sometimes “melistukh” canvas was used. It was made in Beaufort and Ogers in the departments of Mayeny and Loiret. There were two types of fabric: a thin and lighter one was used for topsails, staysails and jibs, and a coarser and stronger one was used for topsails, lower staysails, etc. Canvas always had a light gray color. Special sailing threads are used to sew sails.

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Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

Spar(spar tree, spar trees)(from the Dutch rondhout - round tree) - the general name of devices for setting sails (raising them, stretching them and holding them in the normal / working / position), performing cargo work, raising signals, etc. Previously, on ships of the sailing fleet, the spar was made of tree (in connection with which it was called spar tree), subsequently all the main parts of the spar (masts, bowsprit, yards) began to be made of steel or other materials of non-plant origin (for example, composite materials).

The spar includes:

Masts- vertically standing spar trees, which are the basis for attaching yards and rigging.
Topmasts- vertically standing spar trees, which are a continuation of the masts.
At the junction of the mast and topmast, Mars And salings.
Rhea- horizontal spar trees used to carry straight sails, which are attached to the yards with their upper edge (luff).
Ryu (Latin rheas) - used to carry the lateen sail.
Gaffs- inclined spar trees, lifted along the mast and resting against it with the heel, at the same time having the ability to move freely from the beam of one side to the beam of the opposite side. The gaffs are used to stretch the upper luffs of oblique quadrangular sails - trysails - along them, as well as to fasten the clew corners of additional oblique sails of topsails raised above the trysails. On small ships and boats with slanting sails, gaffs are used to attach the foresail and mainsail. Signals and sometimes a flag are also raised on the gaffs.
Geeks- spar trees, which serve to stretch the luff of oblique sails, can be firmly fixed or movable.
Bowsprit- an inclined mast, installed on the bow of the vessel, serves for lifting and fastening jibs, as well as carrying standing rigging; a continuation of the bowsprit can be a jib and a boom jib.

An example of the spar of a three-masted sailing ship:

Mizzen - in this case, a prefix denoting parts of the spar on the mizzen mast.

Mizzen gaff.
Mizzen boom.

Bom - a prefix to the names of parts of the spar, rigging and sails located on the boom topmast.

Grotto (grotto ) - in this case, a prefix denoting parts of the spar on the mainmast.

Brahm - a prefix to the names of parts of the spar, rigging and sails, indicating their belonging to the topmast.

Grotto-bom-bram-ray.
Main-bom-topmast
Mainsail ray.
Main topmast.
Mainsail gaff.

Mars - a prefix denoting belonging to a topsail or topsail.

Grotto-marsa-ray.
Grotto-ray.
Main topmast.
Main bilge yard.
Main-hold-topmast.

Kruys - the first component of words, usually denoting the name of the spar, sails and rigging related to the mizzenmast.

Kruys-bom-bram-ray.
Cruys-bom-topmast.
Cruys-bram-ray.
Cruys topmast
Cruys marsa rey.
Cruys topmast.
Cruys-hold-topmast.
Cruys-hold-rey.
Saling area.
Copper.

Fock (foresail ) - a prefix to all names of rigging, sails and spars attached below the top of the foremast.

Focal ray.

For - a prefix to the names of yards, sails and rigging located above the top of the foremast.

For-bom-bram-ray.
For-bram-ray.
Fore-bom-topmast.
Fore topmast.
For-gaff.
For-Marsa-ray.
Fore-topmast.
Fore-hold-ray.
Fore-hold topmast.

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Literature

Karl Heinz Marquardt. Chapter 1. Spar // Spar, rigging and sails of ships of the 18th century = Bemastung und Takelung von Schiffen des 18.Jahrhunderts. - K.: Shipbuilding, 1991. - P. 288. - ISBN 5-7355-0131-3.

Sail

Types of sails

Sail structure

Spar

Rigging

Smart things

Excerpt characterizing Spar

When Alpatych was leaving the gate, he saw about ten soldiers in Ferapontov’s open shop, talking loudly, filling bags and backpacks with wheat flour and sunflowers. At the same time, Ferapontov entered the shop, returning from the street. Seeing the soldiers, he wanted to shout something, but suddenly stopped and, clutching his hair, laughed a sobbing laugh.
- Get everything, guys! Don't let the devils get you! - he shouted, grabbing the bags himself and throwing them into the street. Some soldiers, frightened, ran out, some continued to pour in. Seeing Alpatych, Ferapontov turned to him.
– I’ve made up my mind! Race! - he shouted. - Alpatych! I've decided! I'll light it myself. I decided... - Ferapontov ran into the yard.
Soldiers were constantly walking along the street, blocking it all, so that Alpatych could not pass and had to wait. The owner Ferapontova and her children were also sitting on the cart, waiting to be able to leave.
It was already quite night. There were stars in the sky and the young moon, occasionally obscured by smoke, shone. On the descent to the Dnieper, Alpatych's carts and their mistresses, moving slowly in the ranks of soldiers and other crews, had to stop. Not far from the intersection where the carts stopped, in an alley, a house and shops were burning. The fire had already burned out. The flame either died down and was lost in the black smoke, then suddenly flared up brightly, strangely clearly illuminating the faces of the crowded people standing at the crossroads. Black figures of people flashed in front of the fire, and from behind the incessant crackling of the fire, talking and screams were heard. Alpatych, who got off the cart, seeing that the cart would not let him through soon, turned into the alley to look at the fire. The soldiers were constantly snooping back and forth past the fire, and Alpatych saw how two soldiers and with them some man in a frieze overcoat were dragging burning logs from the fire across the street into the neighboring yard; others carried armfuls of hay.
Alpatych approached a large crowd of people standing in front of a tall barn that was burning with full fire. The walls were all on fire, the back one had collapsed, the plank roof had collapsed, the beams were on fire. Obviously, the crowd was waiting for the moment when the roof would collapse. Alpatych expected this too.
- Alpatych! – suddenly a familiar voice called out to the old man.
“Father, your Excellency,” answered Alpatych, instantly recognizing the voice of his young prince.
Prince Andrei, in a cloak, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych.
- How are you here? - he asked.
“Your... your Excellency,” said Alpatych and began to sob... “Yours, yours... or are we already lost?” Father…
- How are you here? – repeated Prince Andrei.
The flame flared up brightly at that moment and illuminated for Alpatych the pale and exhausted face of his young master. Alpatych told how he was sent and how he could forcefully leave.
- What, your Excellency, or are we lost? – he asked again.
Prince Andrei, without answering, took out a notebook and, raising his knee, began to write with a pencil on a torn sheet. He wrote to his sister:
“Smolensk is being surrendered,” he wrote, “Bald Mountains will be occupied by the enemy in a week. Leave now for Moscow. Answer me immediately when you leave, sending a messenger to Usvyazh.”
Having written and given the piece of paper to Alpatych, he verbally told him how to manage the departure of the prince, princess and son with the teacher and how and where to answer him immediately. Before he had time to finish these orders, the chief of staff on horseback, accompanied by his retinue, galloped up to him.
-Are you a colonel? - shouted the chief of staff, with a German accent, in a voice familiar to Prince Andrei. - They light houses in your presence, and you stand? What does this mean? “You will answer,” shouted Berg, who was now the assistant chief of staff of the left flank of the infantry forces of the First Army, “the place is very pleasant and in plain sight, as Berg said.”
Prince Andrei looked at him and, without answering, continued, turning to Alpatych:
“So tell me that I’m waiting for an answer by the tenth, and if I don’t receive news on the tenth that everyone has left, I myself will have to drop everything and go to Bald Mountains.”

Alphabetical dictionary of marine terms.*

Introduction!

* The alphabetical dictionary contains all the terms that relate to this ship. You will find illustrations of almost all terms in 4 pages of drawings. The meanings of the numbers (from 1 to 152 in the drawings - are described in the list below the dictionary). All other illustrations have been added to the alphabetical dictionary.

Alphabetical dictionary of marine terms

Akhterlyuk - an opening in the deck behind the mainmast for loading cargo into the ship's aft hold.

Sternpost - (Gol. achtersteven, achter - rear, steven - stem, riser) - a beam installed in the rear of the keel vertically to it; The rudder is suspended from the sternpost. The sternpost consists of several parts: a halyard post, a star-bracket and filling trees - the stern deadwood.

Anaput - several cables secured in the drilled edge of the Martian platform and passing through a wooden block with holes - an anaput block. Necessary in order to avoid the topsails getting caught on the topsails. It was installed between the leading edge of the top and the forestay.

Buck - (Gol. bak) - a superstructure in the bow of the deck, reaching the stem. The forecastle used to be called the bow part of the upper deck (in front of the foremast). Serves to protect the upper deck from flooding by oncoming waves, increase unsinkability, accommodate service spaces, etc. (topmost picture)

Backstays - standing rigging gear that supports spar trees, bokants, davits, topmasts, chimneys, etc. from the sides.

Bayfoot - a piece of cable covered with leather, with the help of which the yard or gaff is held in the girth of the mast or topmast. At the lower yards, the bayfoots are made of iron, with swivels.

Blocks - the simplest mechanisms used to lift heavy objects, as well as to change the direction of the cables when they are pulled. A device with a rotating wheel-pulley inside, through which a cable is passed for traction.

Blinda-ray - spar on the bowsprit. They abandoned the use of blinds back in the eighteenth century. Sometimes now, instead of a blind-yard, two branches are installed - a blind-gaff.

Bitt - 1. A wooden or metal stand on the deck of a ship for attaching cables. The anchor chain is wrapped around the biting, which reduces the speed of the anchor recoil. 2. With dowel strips - for fastening running rigging.

Brig - two-masted sailing ship of the 18th-19th centuries. with direct sails for patrol, messenger and cruising services. Displacement 200-400 tons, armament 10-24 guns. Crew up to 120 people.

Bras - running rigging gear, attached to the ends of the yard and used to rotate the yard in a horizontal plane (throw the yard).

Bom- belonging to the penultimate level of the spar tree.

Bom-fitter - spar that serves as a continuation I eat ironmongery.

Bom jib - the first forward sail from the top in front of the foremast (the forward-most jib).

Board - side of the ship.

Bram- belonging to the highest level of the spar tree.

Topmast - a spar that serves as a continuation of the topmast and extends upward from it.

Bowline - a tackle used to pull the windward side luff of the lower straight sail towards the bow so that the ship can sail steeply to the wind.

Bowsprit - a spar mounted on the bow of the ship horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (about 35 degrees). The standing rigging of the topmasts of the front mast, as well as the rigging of the slanting sails - jibs, is attached to the bowsprit. On large ships, the bowsprit was made composite: the continuation of the bowsprit is the jib, and the continuation of the jib is the boom-judge.

Bay - rope twisted in circles.

Buyrep - a cable attached to an anchor and equipped with a wooden or metal float (buoy) that indicates the location of the anchor on the ground.

Mizzen - a slanting sail placed on a mizzen mast, the upper luff of which is laced to the gaff, and the lower one is stretched along the boom with a mizzen sheet. The word "mizzen" is added to the names of all parts of the spar, rigging and sails attached to the mizzen mast. The exception is the lower yard, when the mizzen, in addition to the oblique sail, has straight sails. Then the yard will be called “begin-ray”, and the word “cruise” will be added to the parts of the spar located above the top platform and on the topmasts.

Guys - (Gol. - want) - standing ship rigging gear. They are made of steel or hemp cable and serve to strengthen the mast, being guys to the side and several to the stern.

Vant-putens - iron chains or strips, the lower end of which is attached externally to the side of the ship, and the upper end is laid behind the lower eyes. Not to be confused with puttens shrouds.

Water-wooling - fastening the bowsprit with the stem. In the old sailing fleet, cable or chain sails were made. On modern sailing ships they are replaced by iron yokes and brackets.

Wuling - a bandage that holds together several beams in the manufacture of lower masts and bowsprits. Usually consisted of five or six cable hoses laid around the mast. The distance between neighboring wulings was approximately 1 m.

Pennant - (Dutch - wimpel) - a long narrow flag with braids, hoisted on the mast of a warship on campaign.

Vyblenki - pieces of thin cable tied across the cables and acting as steps when climbing the cables to masts and topmasts.

Shot - a horizontal spar suspended underwater perpendicular to the side of the ship. The shots are designed to carry the sail overboard, secure the boats and create appropriate spacing for the rigging.

Displacement - weight of the ship in tons, i.e. the amount of water displaced by the submerged part of the ship's hull.

Tacks - simple cables used to pull the clew or tack angles of oblique sails to the bow and secure them.

Gardel - running rigging gear on ships with direct sails, used for lifting the lower yards or gaffs.

Gaff - (Dutch - gaffel) (boom) - a spar tree, which at its lower end - the heel - has a fork - a mustache covering the mast. The whiskers allow you to raise the gaff along the mast or rotate the boom relative to it. The gaffs are used to fasten the upper luff of the trysails, and the booms are used to fasten the lower luff.

Latrine - nasal overhang, which was a continuation of the grep. Served mainly for decorative purposes and to support the bowsprit.

Gallery - aft decor, windows or open balconies as part of the living area of the captain's and officers' cabins. Typically richly decorated with the name of the ship inscribed.

Grotto-, Grotto- belonging to the main mast. (i.e. refers to the second mast from the front).

Grotto - 1. The general name for the middle (highest) mast of sailing ships. 2. The straight sail, the lowest one on the second mast from the bow (main mast), is tied to the main yard. 3. A word added to the names of yards, sails and rigging located above the top of the mainmast.

Mainsail-bom-bramsel - the fourth sail from the bottom on the mainmast.

Mainsail topsail - the third straight sail from the bottom on the mainmast, raised on the topmast above the topsail.

Grotto Marseille - the second straight sail from the bottom on the mainmast, placed between the tops yard and the lower yard.

Main hatch - middle hatch on the deck of the ship.

Gitov - running rigging gear used for cleaning straight sails and trysails. The clews of straight sails pull the clew angles of the sail towards the yard. Git trysails pull the sail towards the gaff and mast.

Geek - a horizontal spar attached to the mast at a small height above the deck and with its free end facing the stern of the ship. The lower luff of the slanting sail is laced to the boom.

Guys - In Russia: a red flag with a blue St. Andrew's cross, bordered by white stripes, and a white straight cross. It rises on the bowsprit flagpole (from 8 a.m. to dusk) along with the stern flag, but only during anchorage.

Guys-stock - a stand on which the guy is raised.

Dirik-fal - running rigging gear used to lift the working end of the gaff.

Dryrep - 1. (mars-halyard) - gear for lifting the tops-yard. 2. a chain or wire rope attached to a yard and passed through a pulley to lift it. Every drirep usually ends with hoists called halyards. For example, the marsa-drayrep and the marsa-halyard together make up a device for lifting the marsa-yard.

Blockage-tali - tackle for holding the boom, preventing it from spontaneously being thrown to the other side at full heading.

Carronade - a short, light, large-caliber cast iron cannon.

Boat - boat with 2 masts and 10 oars.

Knecht - 1. on a sailing ship, a square-section beam used for traction and fastening of the ends and some gear of running rigging. 2. double metal stand for fastening mooring lines. It comes with a crossbar that helps hold the wound cable, called a bollard spreader.

Coffee dowel - rods made of hard wood or metal about 30 cm long. Insert into the holes of the dowel bar for fastening and laying running rigging gear.

Coffee strip - a wooden or metal beam with holes for dowel pins, attached horizontally to the deck at the masts and at the inside of the side.

Cleaver - an oblique triangular sail placed in front of the foremast. From the wall-rigging to the jib's foot there is a rail, along which the jib is raised and lowered. On a ship where there are three of them, the second sail from the mast is called the jib. The first is called a jib, and the third is a boom jib. Cleavers appeared in the 18th century

Stern - rear end of the ship. The stern is considered to be the part of the vessel from the very rear of it to the hatch closest to it or the end of the stern superstructure. (topmost picture)

Counter mizzen - gaff sail, behind the direct one on the mizzen mast. If there is a lower straight sail on the rear mast, it is called a mizzen. If there is no straight sail, the mizzen is called a gaff sail.

Kiel - (English - keel) - the main longitudinal connection of the ship, located along its entire length in the lower part along the center plane. On wooden ships, the keel consists of a beam protruding outwards, to which frames are attached. (second picture from top)

Keel blocks - two wooden stands, cut to the shape of the bottom of the boat. Boats are installed on them.

Knyavdiged - Ancient sailing ships have a protruding upper part of the cutwater. The upper part of the knyavdiged was decorated with a carved figure. (second picture from top)

Cathead - a beam with an attached bracket on which one or two blocks were placed, serving to lift the anchor.

Carriage - a wooden stand for holding a gun (gun), controlling and moving it along the deck.

Moose Stag - one of the double forestays along which a slanting sail runs.

Lopar - the running or outer end, both of hoists and of any tackle.

Lysel alcohols - thin spar trees on the fore- and main-yards and on the fore- and main-yards, used for staging foxels.

Hatches - openings in the decks: for lowering cargo into the hold - cargo hatches; for light transmission - skylights.

Leer - a metal rod or tightly stretched vegetable or steel cable used for tying sails, tightening awnings, drying clothes, etc. Rails are also called ropes fixed to posts that replace the bulwark of a ship, and ropes stretched to prevent people from falling overboard during a storm.

Mast - vertical spar. Masts are used for installing sails, cargo booms, signaling and communication devices, for raising flag signals, etc.

Martin Geek - a spar tree reinforced vertically under the bowsprit eselgoft with its tip down. Its upper end was forked. Serves for spreading water stays.

Mars - (mars platform) - a platform on the top of a composite mast, attached to the long salings and spreaders. On sailing ships it serves as a spacer for shrouds and as a place for some work when setting and cleaning the sails. Rangefinders and small-caliber guns were installed on the tops of warships.

Niral - the only jibs and staysails.

Nok - the end of a spar located horizontally or at some angle to the horizontal plane (boom, gaff, yard, etc.). In addition, the outer end of the bowsprit, jib and boom jib is called the nok.

Nagel - 1. A wooden nail used to fasten parts of wooden ships. 2. Block pulley axis.

ABOUT

Butt - a bolt in which instead of a head there is a ring or a forging with an eye in its upper part. Designed for attaching rigging hooks or block slings.

Deck - horizontal tier of the ship. Starting from the top, they had the following purposes: quarter-deck - an open deck for steering the ship; opera deck - upper battery deck; mid-deck - middle battery deck; orlop-deck - deck of residential and service premises; hold - the lowest deck. (topmost picture)

Sail - a fabric attached to an object (a spar) that is stretched relative to the wind so that its pressure creates a force that sets the object in motion.

Look at the name of each sail.

Water pump - ship pumps serving different purposes: bilge pumps, fire pumps, sanitary pumps, feed pumps (for boilers), etc.

A gun - onboard gun, the main charge, which is the core.

Perth - cables fixed under the yards on which people working on the yards stand.

Pyatners - a round or elliptical hole in the deck through which the mast passed, also the structure holding the end of the bowsprit.

Putens shrouds - 1. iron rods, the lower ends of which are located on the lower yoke yoke or under the yoke on a special shroud yoke. Then the shrouds are passed through the holes along the edge of the top, and their upper ends are completed with rings, to which the shrouds are attached with staples. (Ties running from the cables from under the top to its side edges; they serve to strengthen the edges of the top and prevent it from bending upward from the thrust of the wall-stays.) 2. special guys - similar to short, downward cables that are pulled from below puttens and attached to the side under the channels. Nowadays, when there are no longer channels on sailing ships, only these guys going down from the top platform are usually called puttens shrouds.

Spar - (from the Dutch "rondhout" - round tree) - on ships of the sailing fleet, the spar meant wooden or metal parts of the ships' armament, intended for carrying sails, performing cargo work, raising signals, etc. A collective word to designate all the wooden parts of the ship , such as: masts, topmasts, topmasts, yardarms, booms, gaffs, cargo booms, etc.

Raks-yoke - consist of 1-3 rows of wooden balls placed on cables that hold the horizontal spar to the vertical one.

Ray - a spar tree suspended from the middle using a bayfoot to a mast or topmast for setting sails or for attaching signal halyards.

Rowles - a roller cast from cast iron or turned from strong wood and freely rotating on an axis. The rollers are placed, for example, in bales or separately to guide the cable, to support steering rods, etc.

Rostra - a place on the deck where a spare spar is stowed. Large boats are sometimes installed on the rostra.

Tiller - (from Gol. - roerpen, roer - oar, steering wheel) - a lever fixed in the upper part of the steering wheel. Transmits torque from the force created by the steering machine or manually.

Rusleni - powerful beams along the outer sides of a sailing ship, located at the level of the upper deck opposite the masts. Serve for spacing the cables, which are attached to the sides by cable stays.

Rym - a strong iron ring set into a deck, side, or dock.

WITH

Saling - a wooden or steel structure that serves to connect the topmast with its continuation - the toptopmast, and the toptopmast with the boom topmast and for spreading the topmast and boom topstays to the sides. Saling is a frame of two longitudinal beams - longa-salings and two or three beams intersecting with longa-salings - spreaders. Salings are called depending on their belonging to one or another mast: fore-saling, main-saling and cruise-saling.

Wall- belonging to the topmast (i.e. to the second vertical spar from the bottom)

Topmast - (Dutch - steng) - a removable spar tree, which is a continuation of the ship's mast. Next comes the topmast, and then the toptopmast.

Rigging - the general name of all gear that generally constitutes the armament of a ship or the armament of a spar. The rigging that serves to hold the spar in the proper position is called standing, while the rest is called running.

Tali - a lifting device consisting of two blocks (movable and fixed), connected to each other by a cable, one end of which is fixedly fixed to one of the blocks.

Lanyard - a type of hoist or tension cable for pulling standing rigging or tightening cargo.

Topenant - running rigging tackle attached to the end of the yard and used to install the yard at one angle or another to the horizontal plane. Topenant is also called the tackle that supports the end of the cargo boom, boom, or gaff.

Top - the upper end of any vertical spar, such as a mast, topmast, flagpole.

Buoy - see buyrep.

Duck - a turned wooden strip or casting, fixedly fixed on the inside side of the side and deck for attaching the sheets of lower sails and trysails. Sometimes the ducks were placed on shrouds to which they were lashed.

Copper - a spar that serves as a continuation of the bowsprit.

Fal - tackle used for hoisting some yards, sails, signal flags, etc.

Flag - a rectangular panel made of light woolen fabric - flagduk - of different colors and serves as a distinctive sign. Flags are divided into signal and national, indicating which state the ship belongs to, and national flags are divided into military, commercial and personally assigned.

Flagpole - the top of a mast or a special pole used to raise the flag .

Foca-, For- belonging to the foremast (i.e., the first mast at the front of the ship) A word added to the names of the yards, sails, and rigging located above the top of the foremast.

Forduns - standing rigging gear supporting topmasts, topmasts, etc. from the rear and sides. When there are two pairs of rigging supporting the same spar, the rigging attached closer to the bow is called backstays, and the rear ones are called forestays.

Fore-staysail, Fore-bom-topsail, Fore-topsail, Fore-topsail - view analogy with Grot-.

Fock - straight sail, the lowest one on the forward mast (foremast) of a ship. Attached to the fore-yard.

stem - a beam that forms the front end of the vessel (a continuation of the keel in the bow). (second picture from top)

Sheet - tackle attached to the lower corner of the straight or lower rear corner of the oblique sail (clew angle) and carried towards the stern of the vessel. The sheets hold the luff of the sail in the desired position. Sheets are also called gear attached to the upper corners of the emergency patch.

pendant - a short cable with a thimble or pulley used for lifting boats or cargo.

Spire - a large gate with a vertical axis used for raising the anchor (anchor capstan), removing the mooring lines, raising the yards, lifting and lowering boats.

Frame - rib of the ship's hull (transverse element of the hull structure). (second picture from top)

Stays - standing rigging gear that supports vertical spar trees in the longitudinal direction - masts, topmasts, etc.

Steering wheel - a wheel with handles that serves to control the steering wheel.

Sturtros - a cable founded between the wheel and the rudder, and passing through a series of fixed pulleys. Serves to transmit force from the steering wheel to the tiller, and through it to the steering wheel.

Ezelgoft - wooden or metal connecting clip with two holes. One hole is put on the top of the mast or topmast, and the topmast or topmast is shot (passed) through the second.

Ufers - a kind of round thick block with smooth holes called windows instead of pulleys. Rope lanyards are supported through the deadeyes.

Anchor - a forged metal projectile used to stop a ship by gripping it to the bottom of the sea. Anchors come in different systems. Two anchors, always ready to release and located on the bow of the ship, are called anchors. In addition to these, there are one or two spares stored nearby. Small anchors, used to pull a vessel from place to place by delivery, are called verps. The heaviest verp is called a stop anchor.