Tskhinval Tskhinval en 1886 Tskhinval (Tskhinval en ossète, ცხინვალი en géorgien), anciennement Tskhinvali (transcription du géorgien), est la capitale de l Ossétie du Sud, région indépendantiste de Géorgie selon la Georgie (selon l administration … … Wikipédia en Français
Tskhinvali- geogr. modern (2009) local spelling b. names of the city of Tskhinvali... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky
Tskhinvali (station)- Tskhinvali station Gori Tskhinvali Transcaucasian railway Tbilisi branch Coordinates ... Wikipedia
Dzuarikau - Tskhinvali- Coordinates: 43°00′53.5″ N. w. 44°24′06.36″ E. d. / 43.014861° n. w. 44.401767° E. d. ... Wikipedia
Battles for Tskhinvali (2008)- Battles for Tskhinvali Armed conflict in South Ossetia (2008) ... Wikipedia
Battles for Tskhinvali- South Ossetian conflict Georgian troops on the outskirts of Tskhinvali. Noon August 8, 2008 ... Wikipedia
Spartak (football club, Tskhinvali)- This term has other meanings, see Spartak (meanings). Spartak Complete ... Wikipedia
Church of the Holy Mother of God (Tskhinvali)- Check the information. It is necessary to check the accuracy of the facts and reliability of the information presented in this article. There should be an explanation on the talk page... Wikipedia
Battle for Tskhinvali- Battles for Tskhinvali South Ossetian conflict Georgian troops on the outskirts of Tskhinvali. Noon August 8, 2008 Date August 7 ... Wikipedia
March on Tskhinvali (1989)- March on Tskhinvali (November 23, 1989) an action organized and led by the leader of the Georgian nationalist movement Zviad Gamsakhurdia in order to put pressure on the leadership of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region, which demanded... ... Wikipedia
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- Series "Special Forces" (set of 51 books), . We present to your attention a set of 51 books from the "Special Forces" series. The authors of the series are former career officers who had experience working in special forces of the Russian army and took part in... Buy for 10,328 rubles
- Series "Special Forces" (set of 44 books), . The Chechen conflict, inscribed with a bloody line in the history of modern Russia, became the main theme of the books in the “Special Forces” series. Their heroes fight drug dealers, brutal warlords,...
Tskhinval Tskhinval en 1886 Tskhinval (Tskhinval en ossète, ცხინვალი en géorgien), anciennement Tskhinvali (transcription du géorgien), est la capitale de l Ossétie du Sud, région indépendantiste de Géorgie selon la Georgie (selon l administration … … Wikipédia en Français
Tskhinvali- geogr. modern (2009) local spelling b. names of the city of Tskhinvali... Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky
Tskhinvali station Gori Tskhinvali Transcaucasian railway Tbilisi branch Coordinates ... Wikipedia
Coordinates: 43°00′53.5″ N. w. 44°24′06.36″ E. d. / 43.014861° n. w. 44.401767° E. d. ... Wikipedia
Battles for Tskhinvali Armed conflict in South Ossetia (2008) ... Wikipedia
South Ossetian conflict Georgian troops on the outskirts of Tskhinvali. Noon August 8, 2008 ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Spartak (meanings). Spartak Complete ... Wikipedia
Check information. It is necessary to check the accuracy of the facts and reliability of the information presented in this article. There should be an explanation on the talk page... Wikipedia
Battles for Tskhinvali South Ossetian conflict Georgian troops on the outskirts of Tskhinvali. Noon August 8, 2008 Date August 7 ... Wikipedia
March on Tskhinvali (November 23, 1989) an action organized and led by the leader of the Georgian nationalist movement Zviad Gamsakhurdia in order to put pressure on the leadership of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region, which demanded... ... Wikipedia
Books
- Series "Special Forces" (set of 51 books), . We present to your attention a set of 51 books from the "Special Forces" series. The authors of the series are former career officers who had experience working in special forces of the Russian army and took part in…
- Series "Special Forces" (set of 44 books), . The Chechen conflict, inscribed with a bloody line in the history of modern Russia, became the main theme of the books in the “Special Forces” series. Their heroes fight drug dealers, brutal warlords,...
Tskhinvali is the capital of the Republic of South Ossetia, one of the oldest cities in the Caucasus, founded by King Asfagur in 262. Tskhinvali is the heart of South Ossetia, its capital. It’s like he’s in focus, collecting everything that’s best and worthy of the Ossetian land. Tskhinvali is an administrative and cultural center that organizes the economic life of the republic and has an ancient history. Industrial enterprises are located here, and the main institutions of science, literature and art are concentrated here.
The importance of Tskhinvali grew immeasurably after the proclamation of the republic. The leading role in the formation of the defense of the Republic from Georgian aggression contributed to the fact that Tskhinvali became a symbol of the struggle for independence and statehood.
Tskhinvali today is the concentration of everything that builds and strengthens our Republic.
The historically developing city has numerous evidence of the past in archaeological monuments, in the types and appearance of religious buildings.
I. Gildenstedt calls Tskhinvali Krtskhinvali, Chreba, noting that this is a noble place. Tskhinvali is located on a beautiful foothill area in the Big Liakhva gorge. From the northeast and northwest it is closely adjacent to small picturesque mountains.
At the dawn of its history, Tskhinvali was one of the main migration crossroads, along which military armies and trade caravans came. A notable consequence of this was the diversity of the national composition of the population. In Tskhinvali there was a colorful Jewish quarter, destroyed during the Georgian aggression, Armenian streets, etc. Since ancient times, our ancestors settled on both slopes of the main Caucasian ridge. They mostly lived in the mountains. Mountains were part of their living space. The way of life and their activities over the centuries has been special, from actively marching to sedentary mountaineering. At the same time, the lowland territories were necessarily strictly controlled by them and were also part of their world. Far in those days in their way of life from leading a quiet life on the plain, they allowed various migration flows to settle here, organize trade, primitive settled infrastructure, and build religious buildings. So, for example, in the 14th century, part of the migration flows from Asia and Europe of Armenians and Jews stopped precisely on the territory of South Ossetia, which became their homeland, some earlier. The Ossetian Alans treated the new settlers and new contacts peacefully, especially since their trade connections and skills played an important role in the creation of a common territorial-civil unit with a special multi-ethnic flavor. The location of Tskhinvali contributed to this; from time immemorial, merchants from all over the South Caucasus exchanged goods here. Time changes a lot. Gradually, over time, the Ossetians gradually begin to move to the plain, to the city, which gradually becomes a kind of center of communication, establishing contacts, informing, etc. Since the middle of the 19th century, Tskhinvali began to develop more actively, acquiring an infrastructural appearance, although in general it remained by this time far from the main routes of communication and economic ties.
To this must be added the political aspect associated with Georgian influence and attitude. Georgia, through the hands of the Russian administration, Georgianized the city, seizing land, preventing the Ossetians from establishing a new way of life, etc. Nevertheless, Tskhinvali more and more acquired a national character, became a synthesizer and disseminator of Ossetian traditionalism, a culture that was felt in everything, penetrated everywhere, spread and was enriched.
On December 5, 1917, residents of Tskhinvali sent a petition to the Commissioner of Internal Affairs. They asked to introduce city self-government. Most of the population of Tskhinval was engaged in trade and crafts, the other - in viticulture and gardening.
Commercial and industrial enterprises operated here: a warehouse for agricultural implements, a warehouse for Singer sewing machines, 9 handicraft sawmills, 5 brick factories, etc.
In addition, there was a post and telegraph office and educational institutions in Tskhinvali. And he continued, slowly, but nevertheless, to develop.
20-30 years - new industrial, social, and cultural facilities appear here. It should be noted that Tskhinvali became the unifying center of Ossetians, who at the beginning of the 20th century, in the ranks of various socio-political movements, fought and sought solutions to the fate of South Ossetia.
On April 20, 1922, the South Ossetian Autonomous Region was formed with its center in the city of Tskhinvali. In 1934, Tskhinvali was renamed the city of Stalinir; its historical name was returned to it in 1961. Despite many positive trends in the development of Tskhinvali, the ideological aspect seriously influenced the essence and depth of the ongoing processes of this period, far from in a positive direction. The development of Tskhinvali continued. Plants, factories, schools were built, and the first university appeared - YuOGPI. Tskhinvali is the most important road transport hub, the starting point for movement along the Trans-Caucasus Highway (Tskhinvali-Alagir). Despite the fact that Soviet Georgia continued the policy of hidden and sometimes obvious denationalization, Tskhinvali remained the center of Ossetian spirituality and culture.
A new stage in history - the 90s, tragic and heroic. In 1989, Georgian aggression against South Ossetia began and continues to this day. Tskhinvali became the center of resistance. At the same time, it was during these years that the political role of Tskhinvali strengthened. In accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of South Ossetia - Art. 3 “The capital of the Republic of South Ossetia is the city of Tskhinvali, the status of which is determined by constitutional law.”
The city has its own Charter, which defines the structures and names of governing bodies, legal norms of activity, powers, economic and financial foundations, etc.
Tskhinvali has its own coat of arms, which is the official symbol of the capital. The coat of arms is based on the colors of the National Flag of the Republic of South Ossetia. At the top of the coat of arms three towers are depicted against the background of the rising sun. The name of the city is made from the rays of the sun. Below is an image of one of the modern ancient Aryan signs, personifying the harmony of life in the form of a wheel - a symbol of perpetual motion with the image of a twelve-string harp.
The Uatsamonga bowl represents hospitality, abundance, and generosity. Below is the city key.
Georgian aggression of 1989-1992, 2004, 2007 caused significant damage to the city. We are reminded of the war every day by the ruins of the Jewish quarter, bullet-riddled houses, and gravestones in the notorious cemetery in the courtyard of school No. 5.
For the 10th anniversary of the Republic of South Ossetia, a monument to the fallen defenders of the Fatherland was erected next to the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
Since 2005, Tskhinvali has been a member of the Assembly of Capitals and Large Cities. The IAG includes 64 republics, regional regional centers representing all federal districts of the Russian Federation and 8 CIS countries.
Tskhinvali was accepted into the ranks of the Assembly at the tenth session of the IAG in Minsk.
Today, restoration work continues in Tskhinvali. The city's infrastructure is being strengthened year after year. New construction is underway. The city lives and renews itself in the face of constant provocations.
This year Tskhinvali became the object of a 4-month water blockade, and the economic blockade continues.
And, nevertheless, ties between the South Ossetian capital and other cities are strengthening and growing.
Tskhinvali became a member of the world organization “United Cities”.
The title of Honorary Citizen of the City was established. Honorary citizens of Tskhinval are Alexey Nikitich Vostrikov, Mikhail Ilyich Gioev, Alexey Alekseevich Merkuryev and others.
The history of Tskhinval is complex and interesting. Tskhinvali is an interweaving of many political interests and ideologies over the centuries.
Whoever is trying to take away the history of Tskhinvali: from treacherous neighbors to the migration groups that once found refuge here. And those whose ancestors warmed their land with their gaze, enlivened their land with the words of prayer, continue to live and proudly, like their native mountains, persistently and impatiently remind that the land of Ossetia is for peace, goodness and joy.
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Tskhinvali is located among the mountain heights of the South Caucasus, along the banks of the Bolshaya Liakhva River, at an altitude of 870 meters above sea level. It has the status of a capital, and became widely known after the ethnopolitical Georgian-Ossetian conflict, which began in the region in the early 80s of the last century and continues to this day. In 2008, military operations were actively carried out here, which seriously affected the appearance of the city and the fate of its inhabitants.
Peculiarities
Unfortunately, after tank shelling and other operations aimed at destroying the city, Tskhinvali significantly lost a fair share of its charm, and many unique architectural monuments and historical buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. Significant damage was caused to the city infrastructure, and the transport system was disrupted. Now, in many places here you can see trees and bushes growing right from under the ruins, and people living in dilapidated houses. The administrative and organizational system of the city is also in decline. Impressive sums of money allocated by Russia for the improvement and restoration of the capital of South Ossetia were stolen and ended up in the pockets of officials. At the moment, despite the fight against this arbitrariness and attempts to restore the internal urban economy, things are moving extremely slowly. The ethnic composition of the city's residents consists of Ossetians, Armenians, Russians, Georgians, Azerbaijanis and other immigrants from the former USSR. Religious affiliation is also very diverse. Travelers from Russia should take into account that of the Russian telephone operators, only Megafon operates in the capital of South Ossetia.
general information
The territory of Tskhinvali is not large, and the population is about 30 thousand people. Local time corresponds to Moscow. Time zone UTC+3. In winter there is no time change. Telephone code +7 99744 and +7 995344. Official website: www.tskhinval.ru.
A brief excursion into history
The local lands have been inhabited since the Bronze Age, as evidenced by many archaeological artifacts found in these places. The first documentary mentions of the Tskhinvali settlement date back to the end of the 14th century. In the first half of the 18th century, this small city was inhabited mainly by monastic serfs and was part of the Russian Empire, being part of the local provinces. After the revolution, Soviet power was established here, and Tskhinvali became the capital of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region of the Georgian SSR. After the start of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, the city turned into the epicenter of hostilities. In August 2008, Georgian troops caused significant damage to it with mortar and artillery shelling, resulting in the deaths of people and the damage and destruction of numerous architectural structures, including residential buildings. Now Tskhinvali is gradually being rebuilt, but given the serious damage, complete restoration will take a lot of time.
Climate
This area is characterized by all the features of a subtropical temperate climate. Summer usually brings high temperatures and plenty of sunny days. During this period, the thermometer sometimes rises to +30 degrees and above, although the average temperature fluctuates around +22. Winter is cold, but really severe frosts are rare. Meanwhile, in higher mountainous areas, temperatures are significantly lower. Precipitation is distributed more or less evenly. The main advantage of these places is the cleanest mountain air. You can come here at any time of the year, but due to well-known events, now the city does not attract much attention from tourists.
How to get there
Today it is possible to get to Tskhinvali only from the outside, since it is impossible to do this across any border with Georgia. The nearest airport is also located on the territory of the Russian Federation in Vladikavkaz (Vladikavkaz-Beslan Airport, IATA: OGZ). From there the Trans-Caucasus Highway leads to the capital of South Ossetia. You can get to your destination from Vladikavkaz by buses or taxis running in a given direction. The previously existing Gori-Tskhinvali railway is no longer operational.
Transport
In Tskhinvali itself, minibus taxis operate as urban transport, and there are trolleybuses that serve a single route. Taxi services are available everywhere.
Attractions
After the destruction caused by military operations, the appearance of Tskhinvali changed significantly, and very few sights remained untouched by Georgian shells. The Jewish Quarter, the Armenian Church of the Holy Mother of God, built at the beginning of the 18th century, and a whole complex of buildings built back in the Stalin era deserve special attention here. Unfortunately, most of these buildings today are unsightly due to the damage caused to them.
Kitchen
Despite the abundance of culinary establishments in the city, the choice of dishes in them is not so great, although Ossetian cuisine, with its meat delicacies, famous Caucasian wines and other delicacies, can impress even seasoned gourmets. An excellent addition to all this are the numerous kiosks selling delicious Ossetian pies.
Shopping
The local shops and stalls offer many inexpensive goods and souvenirs, including elements of national Caucasian clothing, handicrafts and wines in gift boxes.
Precautionary measures
In terms of security, at the moment Tskhinvali is not the best option, but this is not due to crime or the difficult political situation, although the situation is quite tense, but to unexploded ordnance that may be located in various areas on the outskirts. In this regard, tourists visiting the capital of South Ossetia should not overuse independent walks without a local escort.
Neighborhood
In addition to Tskhinvali, an important city in the region is Kvaisa, located 60 km from the capital of the republic. Also nearby are the villages of Argvis, Bikar, Grom, Dzarts, Dmenis, Zar, Zemocher, Uanat, Khetagurovo, Chalisuban and others. The road connecting South Ossetia with North Ossetia is very picturesque, striking with its mountain bends and magnificent natural landscapes.
Unfortunately, the war seriously changed Tskhinvali and now, the once flourishing green city is a slightly different sight, however, even in its current guise, with the few remaining inhabitants, it still embodies the history of the region, with the preserved culture and traditions of bygone years .
According to the administrative-territorial division of South Ossetia, it is a separate administrative unit of South Ossetia. According to the administrative-territorial division of Georgia - Gori district of the Georgian region of Shida Kartli.
Geographical position
Located on the Bolshaya Liakhvi River (tributary of the Kura), at an altitude of 870 m. Connected by a railway line (33 km) with Gori station (on the Samtredia - Baku line). 33 thousand inhabitants (1974). Former center of the South Ossetian Autonomous Okrug of the Georgian SSR. At the moment, it is the capital of the Republic of South Ossetia, which is not recognized by all states.
Name
The etymology of the word “Tskhinval” is not simple: according to one version, the name of the city comes from two ancient Alan words “sinkh - sykh” and “ual” - “supreme abode”. A modified Georgian phrase “hoof mark”. From the Scythian language - “fortress city”. There is also a widespread version of its origin from the Svan or Georgian toponym Krtskhinvali, Ktskhinvali, which literally translates as “land of hornbeams”.
In Russian-language sources until the first half of the 20th century it was called Tskhinvali. In 1934, in honor of Joseph Stalin, the city was named Stalinir or Staliniri. In 1961 it was renamed Tskhinvali. In 1991, the South Ossetian authorities officially approved the name Tskhinvali (de facto it was also used in Soviet times in parallel with Tskhinvali). In everyday life, the unofficial name of the city in Ossetian is Ch'ereba (Chreba).
Story
The surrounding area of modern Tskhinvali was inhabited in the Bronze Age. The Kartli village of Tskhinvali was first mentioned in Georgian sources in 1398. Previously, there was a fortress on this site, built in the 3rd century by the Georgian king Aspagur I (256-284) from the Ashakite dynasty. According to the Georgian historical chronicle "Kartlis Tskhovreba", King Aspagur was also the last representative of the Georgian royal dynasty of the Pharnavasians.
According to the authoritative Georgian chronicle “Kartlis Tskhovreba”, the founder of Tskhinval, King Aspagur, turned to the Ossetians for military support, with the help of whom he managed to protect the fortress city from the Persians who invaded Kartli.
Georgian historical sources report on the Ossetian population of Tskhinval starting from the second half of the 18th century. when King Irakli II began to allocate land to Ossetian elders in Tskhinvali and its environs for military services rendered to him. In particular, in 1786, Dokhchiko Khetagurov received possessions in Tskhinvali because his son Bolatyko was killed in the Battle of Aspindza, where he fought bravely.
According to official statistics, in 1804, 16 Ossetian families lived in Tskhinvali, as well as 41 Georgian, 116 Armenian and 6 Jewish families. There is evidence (from 1792) that the Jews of Tskhinvali were engaged in the sale of cotton products.
As part of the Russian Empire
After the entry of the Kartli-Kakheti kingdom (1801) into Russia, Tskhinvali was a populated area in the Georgian (until 1840), Georgian-Imeretian (until 1846) and Tiflis provinces. Since the second half of the 19th century, Tskhinvali has actually been the capital of Ossetia. In the 19th and early 20th centuries. Jews and Armenians predominated among the residents of Tskhinval. Until 1864 – 1865 The Jews of Tskhinvali and the region adjacent to it were serfs (like the absolute majority of Georgian Jews, divided into three categories: royal, landowner and church).
Due to its favorable geographical location, Tskhinvali is becoming a trade center. The Tiflis Leaflet (1901) reported that more than 6 thousand pounds of cheese and about 10 thousand pounds of wool from the surrounding Ossetian settlements are transported through Tskhinvali annually. According to the Russian State Historical Archive, 54,390 people lived in the Tskhinvali area, of which 34,478 were Ossetians, 17,068 were Georgians, 2,061 were Jews, 753 were Armenians and 38 were Russians.
On the pages of the Georgian newspaper “Tsnobis purtseli” (1897, No. 246), the famous Georgian public figure Al. Alaznispireli wrote that “the town of Tskhinvali is a city of Jews and Ossetians, and Georgians and Armenians make up a quarter of the total population.” Of the 5033 souls of the population of Tskhinval (1917): 553 were Ossetians (9%), 2130 were Jews (40%), 1660 were Georgians (30%), 674 were Armenians (10.3%). The relative small number of the Ossetian population in the city itself is explained solely by the nature of their economic activity, the prevalence of cattle breeding and agriculture over crafts and trade.
After the October Revolution and until the 1920s, clashes took place in the city between Georgian Mensheviks and pro-Bolshevik Ossetian peasants. The Menshevik government forcibly marched throughout South Ossetia, expelling its population (including from Tskhinvali) to the North Caucasus.
Soviet power was finally established in Tskhinvali in March 1921. A year later, the city became the capital of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region within the Georgian SSR.
Since the early 1970s. aliyah (relocation of Jews to Israel for permanent residence) of the Jews of Tskhinvali began; by the mid-1990s, according to the Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia, most of the city's Jews had moved to the state of Israel. Before the outbreak of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict in the 1990s, most of the Georgian population left the city. One of the last to leave the city was Rabbi H. A. Manasherov (1912–95).
Georgian-Ossetian conflict
In June 1992, Russian Vice President Alexander Rutskoi ordered air strikes against the Georgian group that was shelling Tskhinvali. He called Eduard Shevardnadze, threatening to bomb Tbilisi, after which the shelling stopped. On June 22, 1992, Boris Yeltsin and Eduard Shevardnadze, with the participation of representatives of North Ossetia and South Ossetia, signed the Sochi ceasefire agreements.
On July 14, 2010, the Minister of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, Viktor Basargin, arrived in South Ossetia, where he inspected the progress of construction of the housing stock destroyed during the August 2008 military conflict and discussed restoration issues with the head of the republic, Eduard Kokoity.
On August 16, 2010, in Moscow, according to the press service of the South Ossetian Embassy in the Russian Federation, an Agreement on cooperation in the field of government communications was signed between the governments of the Russian Federation and South Ossetia.
On August 24, 2010, Chairman of the Government of South Ossetia Vadim Brovtsev held a working meeting on the replacement of sewerage and water supply networks in Tskhinvali. According to city officials, 80% of the water mains need to be replaced.
Famous natives of Tskhinval:
Nathan Eliashvili (1893–1929; from 1925 in Eretz Israel) - publicist and Zionist figure.
Vladimir Gerasimovich Bestaev (1897-1988) - Soviet, Caucasian, Ossetian and Georgian film actor and film director.
Avraham (1924) and Tamara Mamistvalov are Jewish writers.
Tatyana Vladimirovna Bestaeva (1937) - Soviet and Russian theater and film actress, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, Laureate of the "Theatrical Spring" theater award.
Kosta Georgievich Dzugaev (1956) - Ossetian politician and statesman, Doctor of Philosophy, Chairman of the Parliament of South Ossetia.
Eduard Dzhabeevich Kokoity (1964) - President of South Ossetia since 1991.
Tamerlan Tadtaev (1966) - writer, laureate of the International Literary Competition "Russian Prize"
Dmitry Ivanovich Sanakoev (1969) - head of the pro-Georgian administration of South Ossetia.
Bakhva Otarovich Tedeev (1969) is a famous football player, now a coach.
Irakli Kobaevich Okruashvili (1973) - Georgian political and military figure, Minister of Defense of Georgia in 2004-2006.
Astamur Anatolyevich Tedeev (1978) - famous scientist, Doctor of Law, professor.
Notes:
- Tsotniashvili M.M. History of Tskhinvali. 1986; Togoshvili G.D. From the history of Georgian-Ossetian relations. Stalinir, 1956; History of Ossetia in documents and materials. Tskhinvali, 1962.
- Director of UONII Robert Gagloev: King Aspagur founded Tskhinvali in the 3rd century AD.
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