M.: Academy, 2006. - 384 p.
The training manual examines the legal framework regulating the transportation of tourists in international and domestic traffic, sets out the procedure for the implementation of tourist transportation by individual parts of the transport system, as well as the basic rules for the transportation of passengers and luggage in accordance with modern codes and charters of various modes of transport. Information is provided on services accompanying the transportation of tourists, including those reflecting the latest achievements in the development of new technologies. Attention is paid to safety issues related to transport services for tourists.
For university students. It may be useful for students of secondary educational institutions of the tourism education system.
IntroductionSECTION I. SERVICES FOR TOURISTS BY AIR TRANSPORT
Chapter 1. Legal basis for regulating passenger transportation by airChapter 2. Air ticket as a document confirming an air transportation agreement
Chapter 3. Aviation tariffs
Chapter 4. Modern air ticket booking systems
Chapter 5. Air passenger service technology
Chapter 6. Peculiarities of servicing certain categories of passengers
Chapter 7. General rules for the carriage of baggage
Chapter 8. Features of transportation of certain groups of objects and things
Chapter 9. Charter flights
Chapter 10. Service for air passengers
Chapter 11. Special programs for frequent flyers
Chapter 12. Technical support for air transportation
SECTION II. SERVICE FOR TOURISTS BY RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Chapter 13. Legal basis for passenger transportation by railChapter 14. Types of railway communications and rolling stock
Chapter 15. Transportation documents
Chapter 16. Tariffs. Privileges. Fees
Chapter 17. Rules for the carriage of passengers by rail
Chapter 18. Carriage of hand luggage, baggage and cargo luggage
Chapter 19. Service for passengers on Russian railway transport
Chapter 20. Peculiarities of servicing organized groups of tourists on railway transport
Chapter 21. Passenger service on foreign railways
SECTION III. SERVICE FOR TOURISTS BY ROAD TRANSPORT
Chapter 22. Legal basis for the carriage of passengers by roadChapter 23. Classification of rolling stock and requirements for tourist buses
Chapter 24. Services for passengers using road transport on domestic routes
Chapter 25. Organization of transportation of tourists by road on international routes
Chapter 26. Car rental
SECTION IV SERVICE FOR TOURISTS BY WATER TRANSPORT
Chapter 27. Legal basis for regulating the carriage of passengers by seaChapter 28. Legal basis for regulating the carriage of passengers by inland water transport
Chapter 29. Serving tourists on sea cruise ships
Chapter 30. Serving tourists on river cruise ships
Applications
Test questions and assignments for sections I-IV
Recommended reading
Osipova O.Ya. Transport services. Tourist services. Section I SERVICES FOR TOURISTS BY AIR TRANSPORT In the modern world, at a time when people's travel around the planet has become large-scale, the role of air transport has increased significantly as the fastest means of traveling over long distances. The importance of air transportation is especially great in the implementation of mass tourism. Its rapid development in the middle of the last century required the creation of aircraft that would meet various travel purposes and have a high level of comfort. On board aircraft and at airports, passengers are offered a varied and sophisticated service that makes travel enjoyable and accessible to a wide range of people. Air transportation has a number of features compared to other transport services. This is due, first of all, to their dependence on weather conditions and on the terrain at the take-off and landing points (especially for airplanes). In addition, the operating conditions of rolling stock force airports to be moved outside populated areas and require considerable time to prepare passengers for the actual flight. Nevertheless, due to the main advantage of high speed of delivery to the destination, air transportation poses serious competition to land and water modes of transport. Chapter 1 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR REGULATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION BY AIR TRANSPORT Air transportation is the transportation of passengers and baggage performed by aviation enterprises on aircraft for a set fee, as well as by the carrier’s ground vehicles. Domestic air transportation is air transportation in which the point of departure, destination and all points of landing are located on the territory of one state. International air transportation is air transportation in which the point of departure and destination are located: respectively, on the territory of two states; on the territory of one state, if a landing point (points) is provided on the territory of another state. The period of transportation includes: when transporting a passenger, the period of time from the moment the passenger enters the airport apron to board the aircraft until the moment he leaves the apron under the supervision of authorized persons of the carrier; when transporting baggage, the period of time from the moment the baggage is accepted for transportation and until it is issued to the recipient or transferred in accordance with the established rules of another organization. In this case, an apron is understood as a part of the airfield of a civil airfield intended to accommodate aircraft for the purpose of boarding and disembarking passengers, loading and unloading baggage, cargo and mail, as well as for other types of services. Regulation of air transport is carried out in accordance with international legislation (if the transportation is international in nature) or with national legislation (if the transportation is domestic in nature). 1.1. Legal support for international air transportation The main documents regulating international air transportation are international global and bilateral conventions. Bilateral agreements are concluded, as a rule, between two states, whose cooperation is determined by the framework of other agreements (the framework of the CIS, the EU, etc.). A large number of states participate in international agreements of broad significance, which develop international norms and rules governing flights, as well as principles for organizing air transportation over the territories of these states. One of the first legal documents in the field of international civil aviation was the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air, adopted in 1929. This normative act provides: - definition of international air carriage; - the procedure for transportation of passengers and baggage by air carriers in the airspace; - basic transportation documents confirming the transportation contract; - the procedure for the carrier’s liability; the procedure for states to join this convention. Subsequently, the Warsaw Convention was developed in additions and changes made by the Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guatemala Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Protocol of 1975. An important point of the Warsaw Convention is the clause on the carrier’s liability for death or damage to the health of a passenger and for loss and damage to luggage . According to this document, the carrier’s liability for the life and health of passengers on international flights in most cases is limited to $10,000. Liability for loss and damage to baggage for most international travel (including domestic legs of international travel) is limited to US$20 per kilogram of checked baggage and US$400 per kilogram of unchecked baggage per passenger. On November 4, 2003, the Montreal Convention (concluded under the auspices of ICAO in 1999) came into force, which abolished the limits established by the Warsaw Convention on payments to victims of air crashes and their relatives. Moreover, this convention introduced a two-tier system of liability. At the first level, immediately after the occurrence of an insured event, the airline (or its insurer) must pay about $135,000 to each victim, even if the carrier’s fault is not proven. If the airline is found guilty of the incident, a second level of liability will arise, in which the amount of damages paid is not limited at all. The carrier's liability for passengers' luggage has also been increased. By the time the Montreal Convention came into force, 31 states had signed the Montreal Convention (Barbados, Bahrain, Belize, Botswana, Macedonia, Greece, Jordan, Cameroon, Canada, Kenya, Cyprus, Colombia, Kuwait, Mexico, Namibia, Nigeria, New Zealand, Tanzania, UAE, Panama, Para Guay, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Syria, Slovakia, Slovenia, USA, Czech Republic, Estonia, Japan). Russia has not officially joined the new document, therefore, in our country, the Warsaw Convention is still in force when implementing international air transportation. Nevertheless, some carriers, especially private ones, have already begun to increase their expenses in accordance with new trends in international standards. Naturally, only stable and large airlines are able to afford this, which can provide large guarantees and insure aircraft in the amount of 750 million 1 billion US dollars (for such money the compensation may be more than sufficient). The remaining companies will wait for government decisions. Many experts believe that Russia’s accession to the convention is a matter of time. Delaying this process will contribute to the loss of positions of domestic airlines in the international market. Russian citizens may switch to foreign carriers, who will pay decent money for troubles on board. In addition, since international flights require compliance with accepted international standards, aviation administrations of countries that have signed the convention have the right not to allow aircraft from states that have not yet signed this document into their territory. Similar events took place in the situation related to noise restrictions: countries that have adopted international standards limiting the flights of noisy aircraft have shown that they do not intend to delve into the economic situation of Russia, much less adapt to it. It should be noted that only a sixth of the 187 ICAO member states had ratified it by the time the Montreal Convention came into force, so Russia, in principle, did not find itself alone. The new rules will also not apply in most European countries until this document is ratified by their governments, since the adoption of the convention is the exclusive prerogative of the government of a particular country. Another important document of international air law in the field of scheduled air services is the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944. The Chicago Convention laid down a number of principles for the operation of flights in global airspace, according to which each contracting state grants other contracting states the following rights: - fly over its territory without landing; - land for non-commercial purposes (for refueling, crew changes, technical purposes, etc.); - unload passengers, mail and cargo taken on board in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has; - take on board passengers, mail and cargo with a destination in the territory of the state whose nationality the aircraft has; - to take on board passengers, mail and cargo destined for the territory of any other contracting State and the right to disembark passengers, mail and cargo arriving from any such territory. These principles were later expanded by the right to transport passengers, mail and cargo between the Agreement partner and a third party in both directions through its territory or on an air line that does not pass over the territory of its country, as well as the right to transport passengers and cargo on internal routes of another countries party to the Agreement. Despite the fact that the rights of states to carry out international flights adopted by the Chicago Convention are limited in practice to some extent, they create the necessary conditions for air communications between states, ensure flight safety, and also contribute to favorable relations between countries and the development of tourism. Among the legal documents regulating international air traffic, the “Agreement on International Air Transport” (Chicago, 1944) is also important; International Air Transit Agreement (Chicago, 1944); Rome “Convention on Compensation for Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface” (Rome, 1952); Tokyo Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board an Aircraft (Tokyo, 1963), etc. To regulate activities in global airspace, several international organizations were created, the purpose of which was to develop the main strategic directions in the development of international aviation messages. The most significant organizations include the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA). ICAO was founded in 1944 in Chicago as an intergovernmental organization whose members currently include 187 countries. Russia, as the legal successor of the USSR, which joined the ICAO in 1979, is also a member of this association. The main issues considered by ICAO include: - development of unified rules for navigation systems for aircraft; - coordination of the activities of flight services, airspace safety, including the issuance of licenses for regular transportation; - technical assistance to member countries of the organization, etc. In September October 2001, the regular 33rd ICAO Assembly was held in Montreal (ICAO headquarters), which called for the development of a global strategy to improve flight safety and aviation security in international civil aviation in connection with the tragic events of September 11 in the USA. Since 2004, the Assembly has decided to: 1) expand the Universal Safety Oversight Audit Program; 2) create an International Financial Facility for Aviation Safety; 3) strengthen the ICAO Technical Cooperation Program; 4) develop the principles of an international mechanism in the field of aviation insurance against war risks. In addition, the Assembly adopted a resolution due to the recent increase in the number of serious incidents committed by unruly passengers on board civil aircraft. The resolution calls upon all States to enact appropriate laws and regulations to enable the prosecution of violators wherever the offense is committed. In the area of environmental safety, the Assembly approved the decision of the ICAO Council to adopt a new, more stringent standard for noise reduction. This standard will become effective on January 1, 2006 for newly constructed aircraft. In matters of air navigation, an agreement was reached on the introduction of a new structure of air routes through the North Pole from February 1, 2002, which will significantly reduce the flight range connecting Europe and North America with Central and Southeast Asia; reduce flight time; create a more convenient flight schedule; reduce environmental damage to the environment and bring economic benefits to passengers and airlines. IATA was founded in 1945 in Havana as an air carrier association that currently unites 272 airlines from 130 countries. Among the domestic airlines, IATA members currently include Aeroflot, Pulkovo, Sibir, Transaero and VolgaDnepr. IATA helps airlines, the travel industry and partner organizations increase their profitability and improve the quality of their passenger and cargo services. In the financial field, IATA services provide: - services for the efficient execution of payments under mutual obligations of airlines in the shortest possible time; - the ability to make mutual settlements through the global Internet information network on a daily, weekly or monthly basis; - airlines centrally manage cash flows and revenues from different countries of the world, convert and transfer funds. IATA is pursuing an active policy aimed at reducing all kinds of air navigation and airport fees levied on air traffic participants (thus, thanks to lobbying efforts, IATA managed to reduce fees for landing and parking aircraft at the new Athens Sparta Airport by 7.5%); helps ensure that funds collected through fees are used for the development of aviation infrastructure. IATA's focus will be on issues related to the supply of fuel to rolling stock, since fuel costs account for on average 15% of airline operating costs. In this regard, the Association is considering the following issues: 1) holds meetings with fuel suppliers to improve mutual understanding; 2) develops rules and standards related to fuel procurement; 3) exercises control over all aspects of fuel supply, etc. In the field of sales of services, IATA is the legislative body on all issues related to the development of tariffs for international passenger transportation; establishes the rules for passenger registration, the procedure for booking seats, processing, processing and issuing baggage; establishes standards for in-flight passenger service, including requirements for the organization of the work of flight attendants and their training, requirements for the provision of in-flight meals, equipment and the organization of medical care on board. IATA develops procedures for airport passenger and baggage handling; holds conferences on coordinating airline schedules and airport congestion problems; provides an opportunity for airlines to brainstorm on relevant policies and procedures. IATA provides advisory services on air transport matters; engages in information activities, publishes tariffs for international flights, publishes the TIM (Travel Informational Manual), which contains requirements for documentation accompanying air transportation, sanitary and customs regulations and other necessary documentation (in total, over 360 publications specific to the air transport industry). With the increase in IATA, the Institute for Qualification of Professional Air Training and Transport Workers was created, offering a full range of educational programs and methods for training and advanced training of employees of civil aviation departments, airline and airport personnel, organizations engaged in the field of cargo transportation, as well as tourism workers sectors. An important area of IATA activity is work aimed at ensuring flight safety and aviation security. To this end, it develops operational and operational requirements for airlines and introduces new requirements for aviation equipment aimed at improving flight safety; reports are published annually on the state of flight safety of turbojet and turboprop aircraft; seminars and conferences are held on safety issues; a flight and safety system is being developed, the role of the human factor in which; a one-time check of passengers is carried out, which makes it easier for passengers to complete formalities at the airport, etc. In addition, IATA develops and implements strategic industry development programs taking into account the problem of environmental protection; protects the legal interests of airlines; provides services in the field of freight transportation; interacts with government and international organizations; maintains contact with the media and information, explaining the position of his industry on various issues. In addition to international air transport, there are a number of structures regulating the activities of regional intergovernmental organizations dealing with the development of civil aviation. These include: 1. European Civil Aviation Conference and European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation Eurocontrol. 2. African Civil Aviation Commission, uniting 32 African states 3. Civil Aviation Council of the Arab States, uniting 20 countries in this region. 4. Latin American Civil Aviation Commission, which includes 19 countries from South and Central America, as well as the Caribbean. The goal of all these associations is to solve problems related to improving flight safety in their regions, coordinating the aviation activities of the relevant states, and improving the air navigation control system in the regions. For example, in the fall of 2001, the European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation announced its new Free Route Airspace program, which it plans to introduce in the near future. The meaning of this program is that there will be no air corridors in the skies over Western Europe and that airline aircraft, once in the “open skies” zone, will be able to move to the destination airport not along a strictly defined route (as is customary now), but along the shortest. According to experts, this will significantly increase the intensity of airspace use, save air carriers about 60 million euros per year, and also facilitate the work of air traffic controllers. 1.2. Legal support for domestic air transportation Regulation of air transportation in domestic traffic in Russia is carried out by the Air Code of the Russian Federation, adopted by the State Duma on February 19, 1997. This document is aimed not only at meeting the needs of citizens and the economy in air transportation and aviation work, but also at ensuring defense and state security, protection of state interests, aircraft flight safety, aviation and environmental safety. In the Air Code of the Russian Federation, in the chapter “General Provisions”, the definition of airspace is given; the main regulatory acts that make up the air legislation of the Russian Federation are listed; the activities of organizations subject to licensing in the field of aviation are indicated. In particular, the following are subject to licensing: - activities for the implementation and provision of domestic and international air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail on a commercial basis; - air traffic services activities; - aviation work to meet the needs of citizens and legal entities; lists of training of specialists of the appropriate level according to the positions of aviation personnel; the range of legal entities subject to mandatory certification and the range of individuals subject to mandatory certification are listed, etc. The chapter “State regulation of the use of airspace” reflects state priorities in the use of airspace. Thus, if there is a need to use airspace simultaneously by two or more users, preference is given in accordance with state priorities in the following sequence: - repelling an air attack, stopping violation of the state border; - providing assistance in emergency situations of natural and man-made nature; - carrying out aircraft flights in the interests of the defense capability of the state and in accordance with special agreements; - implementation of regular air transportation of passengers and baggage; - performance of state aviation flights; - regular transportation of goods and mail; - implementation of irregular air transportation; - conducting educational, sports, demonstration and other events; - aircraft flights or other activities involving the use of airspace carried out to meet the needs of citizens. The chapter “State regulation of activities in the field of aviation” provides a classification of aviation, according to which it is divided into civil, state and experimental. Civil aviation, in turn, is divided into commercial aviation, which is used for air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail and aviation work carried out for a fee, and general aviation, which is used free of charge. State aviation is used to carry out military, border, police, customs services and to carry out mobilization and defense tasks. Experimental aviation is used for development and design, experimental, scientific research work, as well as for testing aircraft and other equipment. State regulation of activities in various areas of aviation is carried out by specially authorized bodies, respectively, in the field of civil aviation, in the field of defense and in the field of defense industry. All these bodies have a certain structure and services. The chapter “Aircraft” is devoted to issues of state registration and state registration of aircraft; airworthiness requirements for civil aircraft; environmental protection from the impact of aviation activities. Aircraft intended for flight operations are subject to state registration. On a civil aircraft registered in a certain order, state and registration identification marks, an image of the State Flag of the Russian Federation (an image of the flag of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation can be applied), as well as trademarks, symbols, inscriptions, emblems and other signs (registered in the prescribed manner by the legislation of the Russian Federation) . Civil aircraft are permitted for operation only if they have an airworthiness certificate. It is also emphasized here that every civil aircraft, every aircraft engine and propeller in the process of mass production undergoes tests and inspections in accordance with the established procedure, culminating in the issuance of a certificate of airworthiness to the civil aircraft. The Code defines an aerodrome and an airport (including an international one), and sets out the procedure for their state registration and certification. The chapters “Aviation Personnel” and “Aircraft Crew” provide a definition of aviation personnel and the crew of an aircraft, discuss the rights of the aircraft commander, the actions of the crew in the event of a disaster, as well as when providing assistance to ships and people in danger. Aviation personnel include persons who have special training and carry out activities to ensure flight safety, organize, perform, provide and maintain air transportation, aviation work, organize and maintain air traffic. All of these individuals must have certifications and job descriptions. In order to protect the rights and interests of citizens, as well as to ensure the defense of the country and the security of the state, strikes or other termination of work by aviation personnel serving air traffic are not allowed. The aircraft crew consists of the flight crew (commander and other flight personnel) and cabin crew (flight operators and flight attendants). The flight of a civil aircraft is not permitted if the flight crew is less than the minimum required number. The pilot-in-command is a person who has a valid pilot certificate (license), as well as the training and experience necessary to independently control an aircraft of a certain type. The aircraft commander supervises the work of the aircraft crew, is responsible for discipline and order on the aircraft, and also takes the necessary measures to ensure the safety of people on board the aircraft, the safety of the aircraft and the property on it. The aircraft commander has the right to make final decisions on the take-off, flight and landing of the aircraft, as well as on the termination of the flight and return to the airfield or on an emergency landing in the event of a clear threat to flight safety in order to save lives and prevent damage to the environment. In addition, the pilot-in-command has the right to give orders to any person on board the aircraft and demand their execution, to apply all necessary measures, including coercive measures, against persons who, by their actions, create an immediate threat to the safety of the flight of the aircraft and refuse obey his orders. Upon arrival of the aircraft at the nearest airfield, its commander has the right to remove such people from the aircraft, and in the event of an act containing signs of a crime, transfer them to law enforcement agencies. The chapter “Aviation Enterprises” defines the conditions for creating an aviation enterprise for the purpose of carrying out air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo, mail and (or) performing aviation work for a fee. At the same time, it is emphasized that the creation on the territory of the Russian Federation of an airline with the participation of foreign capital is permitted provided that the latter’s share of participation should not exceed 49% of the authorized capital, the head of the airline is a citizen of the Russian Federation and the number of foreign citizens in the governing body of the enterprise does not exceed 1/ 3 members of this body. Russian airlines are allowed to carry out commercial activities in the field of civil aviation only if they have licenses obtained in accordance with the rules of the Code. Foreign airlines also have the right to carry out commercial activities in the field of civil aviation in the manner established by the legislation and international treaties of the Russian Federation. The rules for the formation and application of tariffs, as well as the rules for the sale of tickets and other transportation documents are established by a specially authorized body in the field of civil aviation, the State Civil Aviation Service (SCSA). Charges for air transportation of passengers, baggage, cargo and mail are set by carriers. When carrying out air charter transportation, negotiable prices may be established. At the same time, in order to protect regular air transportation carried out on the same airlines, it is allowed to set minimum prices for such transportation. The chapters “Aircraft Flights” and “International Aircraft Flights” are devoted to the following issues: - admission to flight of an aircraft; - crew training; - ensuring aircraft flights; - requirements for documentation on board; - aircraft flight over populated areas. In this case, the flight of the aircraft over populated areas must be carried out at an altitude that allows, in the event of a malfunction of the aircraft, to land outside of populated areas. When performing international flights, aircraft arriving in and departing from the Russian Federation, their crews, passengers and their property are subject to passport, customs and other rules established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation. The chapter “Aviation Safety” reflects one of the basic principles of organizing air transportation: safety. At the same time, aviation security is understood as the state of aviation security from illegal interference in aviation activities. In order to ensure aviation security, the following measures are taken: - aircraft are guarded at parking lots; - the possibility of transporting weapons, ammunition, explosives, radioactive, flammable and other dangerous items on aircraft is excluded; - pre-flight inspection of the aircraft, crew members, passengers, baggage, hand luggage, cargo and mail is carried out. Aviation security services have the right to detain for transfer to law enforcement agencies persons who have violated aviation security requirements, as well as baggage, cargo and mail containing items and substances prohibited for air transportation. The chapters “Search and Rescue” and “Aircraft Accident Investigation” discuss issues related to cases where an aircraft is in distress. The objectives of an accident or incident investigation are to determine the causes of these events and to take measures to prevent them in the future. Establishing someone's guilt and responsibility is not the purpose of an accident or incident investigation. The chapter “Air transportation” defines such concepts as “carrier”, “air transportation”, “agreement on air transportation”, “transportation documents”, “aircraft charter agreement”, and also considers the conditions for termination of the agreement at the initiative of the carrier and passengers. In subsequent chapters of the textbook, all these issues will be discussed in sufficient detail. The chapter “Aviation Work” describes aviation work performed using aircraft flights in agriculture, construction, for the protection and protection of the environment, provision of medical care and other purposes. An agreement is concluded for the performance of aviation work, under which the contractor undertakes to perform this work for the customer in the manner, on time, in the volume and on the conditions stipulated by this agreement. The customer undertakes to pay for aviation work. Tariffs for their implementation are also established on the basis of an agreement. The chapter “Responsibility of the carrier, operator and shipper” provides for the responsibility of the carrier to the passenger of the aircraft and the shipper in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, international treaties of the Russian Federation, as well as the contract for the air carriage of passengers, cargo or mail. The carrier, passenger, consignor and consignee are responsible for violation of customs, currency, sanitary, quarantine and other rules in accordance with Russian legislation. The carrier's liability for harm caused during air transportation to the life or health of an aircraft passenger is determined in accordance with the rules of Chapter 59 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, unless the law or the passenger air transportation agreement provides for a higher level of liability of the carrier, and is also determined by international treaties of the Russian Federation. In this case, the period of air transportation, as already noted, includes the period from the moment the passenger of the aircraft leaves the apron to board the aircraft and until the moment when the passenger of the aircraft, under the supervision of authorized persons of the carrier, leaves the airfield. The carrier is obliged to insure and be liable for damage caused to the life and health of an aircraft passenger or luggage and things carried by the passenger. According to Art. 133 of the Air Code, the insurance amount for each aircraft passenger, as provided for in the passenger’s life and health insurance contract, is established in the amount of no less than one thousand minimum wages (minimum wages) established by federal law on the day of sale of tickets. It should be noted that this article is in conflict with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated July 7, 1992 No. 750 (as amended on April 6, 1994, July 22, 1998), which establishes the insurance amount for compulsory personal insurance of an air, rail passenger , sea, inland water and road transport (except for international, suburban and urban transport) in the amount of 120 minimum wages adopted by law on the day of the start of transportation. The insurance amount provided for in the baggage insurance contract is set at no less than two times the minimum wage established by federal law per kilogram of baggage weight. The insurance amount provided for by the insurance contract for things carried by the passenger is set at no less than ten times the minimum wage established by federal law. When carrying out international flights by aircraft, insurance of the carrier's liability to passengers of the aircraft, including liability for loss, shortage or damage (spoilage) of baggage, as well as things carried by passengers, is mandatory. The amount of the insurance amount should not be less than the amount provided for by international treaties of the Russian Federation or the legislation of the relevant foreign state. The same chapter of the Code sets out the procedure and deadlines for filing claims against the carrier during domestic and international transportation, which will be discussed below. 1.3. Agreement on air transportation of passengers Air transportation is carried out on the basis of concluding an agreement for the carriage of passengers, cargo or mail with the carrier. A carrier is an operator that has a license to carry out air transportation of passengers, baggage or mail. under the contract for air carriage of a passenger, the carrier undertakes to transport the passenger of the aircraft to the point of destination, providing him with a seat on the aircraft making the flight specified in the ticket, and in the case of air carriage of baggage by the passenger, also to deliver this baggage to the point of destination and hand it over to the passenger or to the person authorized to receive baggage (Article 103 of the Air Code of the Russian Federation). The delivery time for passengers and baggage is determined by the air transportation rules established by carriers. The passenger of the aircraft is obliged to pay for air transportation, and if he has baggage, in excess of the free baggage allowance established by the carrier and for the transportation of this baggage. Each air transportation contract and its terms are certified by transportation documents issued by the carrier or its agents. Transportation documents include: passenger ticket (Passenger Ticket) when transporting a passenger. It is a document certifying the conclusion of an agreement for air transportation of passengers and baggage and including a baggage receipt; baggage check (Baggage Check) part of the ticket, which indicates the number of pieces and weight of checked baggage and which is issued by the carrier as a receipt for baggage checked in by the passenger; Excess Baggage Ticket - a document confirming payment for the carriage of baggage in excess of the free baggage allowance or items the carriage of which is subject to mandatory payment, as well as payment of fees for the declared value of the baggage; air waybill (Air Waybill) is a document confirming the contract between the shipper and the carrier for the transportation of goods along the carrier’s routes. It is drawn up by the shipper or his authorized representative. Compliance with the terms of the transportation contract is mandatory regardless of whether it is regular or charter transportation. It should be borne in mind that concluding a contract for the carriage of a passenger implies rules. 1. The departure time indicated in the schedule and ticket is not a mandatory condition of the contract and is not guaranteed by the carrier. To ensure flight safety, the flight may be cancelled, rescheduled or delayed. The reason for these changes may be bad weather conditions at the airports of departure, arrival or stopping points, natural disasters, disruption of the runway, etc. 2. The carrier reserves the right to replace the aircraft, change the transportation route and landing points indicated on the schedule and ticket. This right of the carrier is also justified by ensuring the safety of passengers in the event of an aircraft breakdown or force majeure situations along the route. In any of the above cases, the carrier, taking into account the legitimate interests of passengers, is obliged to: - warn them about the schedule change; - carry out transportation on another of your flights or on a flight of another carrier; - organize services for registered passengers at the airport or provide them with a hotel in the prescribed manner. If the circumstances are such that the passenger is forced to refuse transportation due to a change in the schedule, then the carrier is obliged to return the amount of money to him for the failed transportation. 3. The carrier has the right to refuse transportation to a passenger if his documents are incorrectly completed or not presented in full. It should be borne in mind that the availability, reliability and correctness of the execution of documents issued by government bodies depend only on the competence of these bodies and the citizen himself, and therefore all claims often made to the carrier by the passenger in such situations are unfounded. The carrier does not bear any responsibility for the preparation of such documents. 4. The passenger has the right to interrupt the trip and make a stop at any intermediate airport if landing is provided at it. This stop is called “Stopover”. Having spent the necessary time at the landing point, the traveler can continue transportation along this route. At the same time, he can immediately book a seat on a similar flight (if the date of continuation of transportation is known exactly) or request confirmation of a seat on this flight for the desired date. Such a stopover is possible if: - it is permitted by the government authorities of the country where it is intended to be done; - the passenger informed the carrier in advance of his desire to exercise this right; - it was made within the validity period of the ticket; - it is taken into account when calculating the fare and issued on the ticket. If, when purchasing a ticket, the passenger did not declare a stop at an intermediate airport, but decided to exercise this right during the flight, then he can continue the flight after compensating the carrier for the difference in the fare, as well as losses in the event of a flight delay associated with the removal of his luggage from the aircraft, which was issued to the final destination. A forced stop due to illness of a passenger or a member of his family traveling with him on a given flight is an exception and does not require compensation. It should be borne in mind that the right to Stopover applies mainly to transportation issued at normal rates. If a tourist has a ticket issued at a special fare, then stops along the way are made subject to restrictions or are generally prohibited in accordance with the rules for applying this fare. The passenger is obliged to comply with all laws, regulations, rules and regulations of the competent authorities of the state to or through the territory of which he is being transported. This applies to fulfilling the requirements of special control, customs, passport, visa, sanitary and other formalities, as well as the rules and instructions of the carrier. If the government authorities of the country oblige the carrier to return the passenger to the point of departure or any other point due to the fact that he was denied entry into the country of destination, transfer or transit, then the passenger or the organization that processed him is obliged to compensate the carrier for all expenses incurred in connection with this transportation. An aircraft passenger has the right to: - travel on preferential terms in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the rules of air transportation established by the carrier; - free baggage allowance (including items carried by the passenger) within the established norm depending on the type of aircraft (at least 10 kg per passenger); - free (for international air transportation in accordance with a preferential tariff) carriage of one child under the age of 2 years without providing him with a separate seat. Other children under 2 years of age, as well as children aged 2 to 12 years, are transported at a reduced rate and are provided with separate seats; - free use of the services of rest rooms, mother and child rooms, as well as a place in a hotel during a break in air transportation due to the fault of the carrier or in case of forced delay of the aircraft during departure and (or) in flight. At the same time, the procedure for providing services and benefits to aircraft passengers is established by federal aviation rules. The contract of carriage may be terminated at the initiative of the carrier or the passenger. The carrier may unilaterally terminate the contract for air transportation of a passenger in the following cases: - violation by the passenger of passport, customs, sanitary and other requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation regarding air transportation; for international air transportation, also by the rules of departure, destination or transit, determined by the relevant authorities of the state; - refusal of the passenger to comply with the requirements of federal aviation regulations; - the state of health of the passenger on the aircraft, which requires special conditions for air transportation or threatens the safety of the passenger himself or other persons, which is confirmed by medical documents, and also creates disorder and irreparable inconvenience for other persons; - refusal of an aircraft passenger to pay for the carriage of their baggage, the weight of which exceeds the established free baggage allowance; - refusal of an aircraft passenger to pay for the carriage of a child over 2 years of age accompanying him; on board the violation by an aircraft passenger of the rules of conduct on an aircraft, creating a threat to the safety of the flight of the aircraft or a threat to the life or health of other persons, as well as failure by the aircraft passenger to comply with the orders of the aircraft commander; - the presence of items or substances prohibited for air transportation in the passenger’s personal belongings, as well as in his luggage, cargo. If the air carriage agreement is terminated at the initiative of the carrier, the passenger will be refunded the amount paid for the carriage (except in cases where the passenger violates the rules of conduct on board the aircraft). The passenger has the right to refuse transportation at the airport or along the route. In this case, he can receive back from the carrier payment for transportation or for the unused part of it in the amount provided for by the rules for applying tariffs. A passenger's refusal to carry a carriage may be forced or voluntary. An involuntary refusal is a refusal caused by the following - cancellation or delay of the flight indicated on the ticket; inability to provide a seat on a flight or a class of service indicated - by circumstances: on the ticket, due to an error in booking; inability to land at the airport indicated on the ticket due to emergency situations; - changing the type of aircraft operating a given flight; - illness of the passenger himself or a family member traveling with him on the aircraft; incorrect execution of travel documents by the carrier; inability to depart from the transfer airport on the flight indicated on the ticket due to the delay of the aircraft or cancellation of the flight by which the passenger should arrive at the transfer airport. If a passenger is forced to refuse transportation, the carrier is obliged to offer him transportation on one of the next flights under the conditions specified in the ticket, or return the cost of the ticket without taking into account penalties. Moreover, if the transportation was not performed at any site, then the entire amount paid is returned, and if the transportation was partially performed, then the amount for the unfulfilled part of the transportation is returned. Voluntary refusal is a refusal due to personal reasons of the passenger. In this case, the carrier has the right to withhold from the refunded funds all amounts due to it. In particular, if a passenger notifies the carrier of the refusal less than 24 hours, but no later than 3 hours before departure, then the carrier may charge him a fee of 10% of the cost of transportation; If the flight is canceled less than 3 hours in advance, the fee is 25%. For group transportation, the fee for cancellation of a flight is 25%, if the cancellation occurred less than 24 hours in advance. If a passenger voluntarily cancels a flight, a refund is made if: 1) the transportation was not carried out on any leg, then the entire amount is returned to the passenger the amount paid for transportation, with the deduction of service fees; 2) the transportation was partially performed, then the difference between the amount paid for the entire transportation and the amount corresponding to the cost of the completed part of the transportation is returned, with the deduction of fees related to the completed part of the transportation. Refunds for tickets sold in accordance with special tariff rules are carried out according to the application of these tariffs. Amounts of money are returned by the carrier or its agent at the point of purchase of tickets upon presentation of flight coupons in the currency and form of payment in which the transportation was issued. In this case, compensation is made to the person whose name is indicated on the ticket, or to the person who paid for the ticket and provided evidence of this. Chapter 2 AIRPLANE TICKET AS A DOCUMENT CONFIRMING AN AIR CARRIAGE AGREEMENT An airticket conclusion represents an air contract as a document of carriage between the certifying carrier and the passenger. The ticket is valid for the carriage of the passenger and his baggage from the point of departure to the point of destination in accordance with the route and class of service specified on it. The ticket must be kept until the end of the trip; if there is a basis for filing a claim against the carrier, then the travel document should be kept until the claim is resolved. 2.1. Types of air tickets Currently, several types of air tickets are used in the world: a copyable automatic ticket (“Sandwich”) (Transitional Automated Ticket TAT); automatic coupon ticket with boarding pass (Automated Ticket/Boarding Pass); manual issued ticket; neutral forms electronic In Russia the ticket is the largest automatic ticket (Electronic distribution (TAT). IATA; It was received using Ticket). replicating the largest national carrier Aerofleet International Airlines. The ticket looks like a small book with a colorful cover. The cover may contain the name of the carrier and its emblem. The ticket contains a text part and several coupons, which are copies of the form, differing only in color. The text provides information about some general rules of transportation and the carrier’s responsibility for the life, health of the passenger and the safety of his luggage. Copy coupons indicate specific information on the implementation of the transportation contract: the passenger’s last name, route, date and time of departure, class of service, airline code, etc. An air ticket for domestic transportation of a passenger usually contains 3 coupons, one of which remains at the ticket office when selling a ticket, and the other two (flight and passenger) are given to the passenger. The flight coupon is torn off by the dispatcher when the passenger checks in for the flight and is used for reporting. The passenger coupon must remain with the passenger throughout the trip. An air ticket for international passenger transportation includes at least 4 coupons. The control coupon (gray-green) remains at the box office when the ticket is sold. It serves to control the calculation of the tariff and the correct completion of forms. Periodically (once a week), air carriers submit these coupons along with reports on tickets sold to the international settlement center. The agency coupon (pink) remains with the agency for the cashier's reporting to the accounting department. It is kept in the archive for 3 years. The flight coupon (yellow) is withdrawn when the passenger checks in for the flight. The passenger coupon (white) remains with the passenger as confirmation of the contract of carriage. It should be noted that if the transportation consists of several segments of the route (i.e. there is transportation with transfers), then the ticket may contain not one flight coupon, but several. In this case, each flight coupon will be valid only on a specific leg of transportation in accordance with the route, date, flight number and class of service indicated therein. The most widely used form is the TAT with four flight coupons. If the route contains a smaller number of flights, then the word “VOID” (not valid for transportation) is printed on the “extra” coupons in the “Route” column, and the coupon itself is torn out by the agent. If the ticket route includes more flights than the number of flight coupons in the form, then such a ticket is issued on several forms. In this case, these several forms constitute one ticket, so it cannot be thrown away until the end of the entire trip. The main advantage of a copying automatic ticket is that each coupon on the form is equipped with a copy layer, so all the data entered when printing the ticket is punched through and recorded on all coupons at once. In addition to domestic airlines, this type of form is used by KLM, SAS, CSA, Cyprus Airways and other other carriers. A fairly common form of airline ticket is the automatic coupon ticket with boarding pass. The special feature of this ticket is that each flight coupon is printed separately and is equipped with a magnetic stripe that contains flight information. Thanks to this, this type of air ticket form can be used for automatic passenger check-in. The passenger copy is also a separate coupon “Passenger Receipt”. Each of the coupons is equipped with a tear-off boarding pass (right side), into which the seat, gate number and boarding time are printed when the passenger checks in. Automatic coupon ticket forms with boarding pass are used by British Airways, Lufthansa, Air France, Swissair, Finnair and other airlines. In some cases, an air ticket may be issued on a manual issuance form. This is due to the fact that it is technologically impossible to print forms from different airlines on one printer, and not all agencies are equipped with expensive ticket printing devices. In addition, there should be a supply of manual forms in case the system stops or the printer malfunctions. The most widespread are hand-issued tickets with two and four flight coupons. If the number of flights on a route is less than the number of flight coupons, then the word “VOID” is written in the “extra” flight coupons, and the coupons themselves are torn out of the ticket by the agent. Each upon is also equipped with a copy layer, so any coupon contains information about all the others. The forms of all the above-mentioned air tickets can be with airline emblems (their own) or neutral without them (paper blanks of a certain type), however, each ticket has its own number. The carrier's own ticket must also have an IATA code assigned to the airline, which is the first three digits before the ticket number (Aeroflot 555, Siberia 421, British Airways 125, Lufthansa 220, etc.) . All own air tickets are registered with the SSCA (State Civil Aviation Service). Neutral airline ticket blanks are issued to travel document agents through the Transport Clearing House. Neutral IATA forms also exist in the form of a paper travel document and are issued at IATA tariffs. The International Air Carriers Association has two main systems for selling its tickets through the agent network BSP (Europe and Asia) and ARC (USA and Canada). Tickets on such forms can only be issued by an airline that has an IATA billing code, ensuring the company's responsibility for issuing travel documents in the BSP and ARC systems. Tickets issued on neutral IATA letterheads usually have the corresponding International Air Transport Association logo on the cover. Forms can be filled out by automatic printing on a printer or manually. When issuing tickets for several participants on a route, airline carriers with which the airline owner of the form has an agreement on the recognition of transportation documents must be used. Recently, thanks to the intensive penetration of new technologies into various spheres of public life, including the sphere of transport services, new forms of existence of tickets have emerged. Thus, some foreign airlines (Delta Airlines, Lufthansa, etc.) have introduced electronic tickets, which are a kind of electronic record stored in a database. However, an electronic ticket can only be “issued” if the entire flight is operated by one carrier, since the electronic record stored on that carrier’s computer is not accessible to other airlines. The carrier, having received an order from a client for an electronic ticket via a computer network or by telephone, enters this ticket into its database. When checking in for a flight, the passenger presents an identification document and a receipt for payment for the air ticket, after which he receives a boarding pass for the flight. This system of selling travel documents is very convenient for businessmen and other people who frequently use air travel. 2.2. Information contained in an air ticket Any ticket, regardless of its type, contains information that is recorded on all coupons of the document. Figures 1-3 show air ticket coupons, which can be used to judge the information they contain, reflecting the specific terms of the transportation contract. In field 1 (NAME OF PASSENGER Passenger's last name), the passenger's last name and the initial letter of his name or his full name, as well as the passenger's gender, are written in Latin transcription. If the passenger is a man, then Mg (Mr.) is written after the surname; if the passenger is a woman, Mrs or Mss (Mrs. or Miss). According to international standards, this field allows up to 3 errors without distorting the sound of the surname. Field 2 (FROM/TO Flight Route) indicates the point of departure for this flight coupon and below it the point of arrival (English spelling). If the point of departure or arrival (or both) has more than one airport, the city name is followed by a three-letter airport code. It should be noted that if an aircraft makes landings along the transportation route, but the flight number does not change, then the names of the landing points are not indicated. If the flight number changes at the boarding points, the ticket will contain several flight coupons and each of them will indicate its own point of departure and destination. Field 3 is intended for the “Stopover” indicator (“Stopover” Х/О). Intermediate transit and transfer stops are possible along the travel route. Transit represents Fig. 1. Copying automatic air ticket Fig. 2. Automatic coupon ticket with boarding pass Fig. constitutes a Z. Airline ticket for a stopover, for which manual issuance, transportation is then carried out by an aircraft of the same airline and under the same flight number. During a transfer, further transportation is carried out by an aircraft of another airline or the same one, but under a different flight number. If at this point a stopover along the route is expected for more than 24 hours (“stopover”), then this field is empty or an “O” is placed on it. If this point is a transit point, then opposite this point in field 4 (CARRIER is indicated) there is a prohibiting sign Carrier) and field 5 (Flight code “X”. Flight number) of the airline, consisting of two letters, and the flight number. Letter codes for airlines are assigned by the International Air Carriers Association IATA and can be either quite obvious (abbreviation of the name of the air carrier: LH "Lufthansa", BA "British Airways", AF "Air France"), or not so obvious: SU "Aeroflot" (apparently , from the former Soviet Union), UN "Transaero" (United Nations), AZ "Alitalia", AY "Finnair", etc. The flight number is given in numerical terms. In field b (CLASS Booking Class) the booking class is marked with a Latin letter, which implies a certain quota of seats on the flight corresponding to the Booking Class for that flight or other supersonic fare. Concord aircraft are designated by the letter R; in the first class of service, the alphabetic symbols F, P, A are used to indicate the booking class; in business class the letter symbols are C, D, J, Z, I; in economy class the letters are Y, W, S, B, N, K, L, M, N, Q, T, V, X. The booking class should not be confused with the service class, which determines the standard of passenger service. In the classic version, a multi-seat airliner contains 3 compartments that correspond to a specific class of service: first class (F), business class (C) and economy class (Y). Classes of service differ in the design features of the seats, the distances between them, the variety and quality of food, the size of the free baggage allowance, the conditions of ground service, etc. In practice, on some flights, first class does not exist at all. For example, Delta Air Lines, AJT, and Continental Airlines have only business class and economy class. On the other hand, recently some carriers have begun to introduce new classes of service on their routes in order to attract more passengers. Thus, in September 2001, the Scandinavian airline SAS introduced a new Economy-Plus class on its intercontinental flights, something between economy and business class. From business class in the new cabin there are new seats with sockets for connecting laptops and Internet access; from economy class everything else: food, service, baggage allowance. Economy -Plus is intended mainly for businessmen who want to spend their time on the flight usefully for work, but are not ready to overpay for comfort. Economy-Plus tickets cost 65% of the full business class fare. The Italian airline Alitalia, for passengers traveling for business purposes, introduced the intermediate class “Dynamics” on international flights, tickets in which are 15% cheaper than in business class. British Airways became the first airline in the world to use a four-class passenger cabin layout. She now has an additional improved economy class, World Travel Plus, which differs from the regular economy class (World Travel) in greater seat comfort, the presence of sockets for laptops, the amount of hand luggage, and the ability to check in for flights by phone. Since any airline is a purely commercial organization, in order to obtain a certain benefit from transportation, it resorts to “quotas” of seats on its flights. If you sell all seats at the minimum fare in each class of service, then the flight will not be economically justified. Therefore, on each route there are several different economy, business and first class fares. In this case, the carrier determines in advance how many seats in a particular price quota it will sell on the flight. The allocation of quotas varies on each flight in each season. Thus, the ticket booking class reflects both the class of passenger service, as well as the type of fares and the conditions for their application. In field 7 (DATE Date) the departure date (date and name of the month) for this coupon is printed. On domestic routes, one-way tickets are most often sold, which is why only this is indicated on the ticket. On international flights, it is customary to sell round-trip and return tickets, so tickets for international flights indicate both dates. If at the time of purchasing a ticket the passenger does not yet know the date of his expected return, then he is issued an “open date ticket”, in which “open” is entered in the return date column. Having decided on the date of the return flight, the passenger notifies the airline, which books him a seat on the requested flight for a specific date. Most often, tickets with an open date are sold in cases where their expiration date is at least a year. Sometimes, for first and business class passengers, an “open date” is set for the outbound flight. Field 8 (TIME Departure time) indicates the departure time. Departure times are always local. Field 9 (STATUS Reservation Status) contains the reservation status, indicated by letter codes. The "OK" code guarantees a seat on this flight. Therefore, if a passenger who showed up for check-in without delay did not have enough space on the aircraft during check-in, and his ticket is marked with a confirmed “OK” status, then the airline is obliged to place the passenger in a cabin of another, higher class, and if there are no seats there either pay such passenger compensation and transfer him to the next flight. For some fares, it is possible to issue tickets with the status “RQ” or “SA”, which means a request for a place at check-in. A passenger with such a ticket should wait until check-in is completed and, if there are still available seats, he can use this flight. The ticket for infants (passengers under 2 years of age) who are flying without a seat is indicated as “NS”. In field 10 (FARE BASIS Type of tariff) the alphanumeric designation of the tariff for this coupon is recorded. There are quite a large number of different tariffs (annual, excursion, group, youth, special), differing in the rules for their application. They all have their own designations. Field 11 (NOT VALID BEFORE/NOT VALID AFTER - Not valid before/Not valid after) indicates the dates before and after which, respectively, you cannot fly on this ticket if the fare rules allow date changes. If tickets were purchased at strict discounted rates that prohibit rescheduling, then both dates coincide with the departure date using this coupon. Tickets purchased at annual rates usually have a blank field in this box. Box 12 (ALLOW Free Baggage Allowance) indicates the free baggage allowance, which is set in one of two ways. The “weight limit” determines the weight of luggage that a passenger can carry without paying. It depends on the class of service: most carriers allow first class passengers to carry 40 kg of luggage free of charge, business class 30 kg of luggage, and economy class passengers 20 kg. However, some airlines on certain routes may change these rules. For example, Transaero on flights to Frankfurt allows you to carry 10 kg more baggage free of charge in economy class than usual. The “seat allowance” determines the number of pieces of baggage that a passenger is allowed to carry free of charge. It depends on the type of aircraft and imposes certain requirements on the weight and dimensions of one piece of baggage. For example, on flights operated by aircraft of the IL-86, B-767, B-777, A-310 types, in all classes it is allowed to carry two pieces of baggage without payment, each of which weighs no more than 32 kg and the sum of three dimensions does not exceeds 158 cm for economy class and 203 cm for business and first classes. Most often, the “seat allowance” is used on flights to the USA and Canada. In the first case, 40k, ZOk or 20k is written in this field, in the second 2RS. Field 13 (FARE CALCULATION) provides a detailed calculation of the fare for the entire ticket. This entry includes three-letter area codes, two-letter carrier codes, and neutral unit of charge (NUC) fare components. The combined tax is also deciphered here if all fees do not fit in column 17. This column may contain service information: conversion rates for neutral units, currencies, various restrictive inscriptions, if they do not fit in columns 22 and 25. In field 14 (FARE Tariff) the tariff is fixed in the currency of the start of transportation. If the ticket is issued at a published fare, the latter may be indicated in national currency or in US dollars; if the ticket is issued at a confidential fare, then the fare may not be indicated (or replaced with the words “IT” or “FORFAIT”). Field 15 (TOTAL Total) reflects the total cost of the ticket in the currency of the point of issue, consisting of the sum of the fare and airport taxes. If the ticket is issued at a confidential fare, then the amount in this column may not be indicated (or replaced with the words “IT” or “FORFAIT”). In field 16 (EQUIV/FARE PD Fare Equivalent) the equivalent in the currency of the point of issue is written if the currency of the point of issue differs from the currency of the point of origin of transportation. The conversion rate must be reflected either in the “Fare” field or in the “Fare calculation” field. Field 17 (TAX Tax) indicates additional fees for services provided at the airport. Most often, airport taxes are included in the price of tickets, but in some countries they are paid by the passenger separately before departure and always in cash. Each fee has its own name and purpose, and often several fees are charged at the same airport: immigration; for using the customs service; for takeoff; for departure; veterinary services (regardless of whether the passenger is carrying an animal, plant or not); for various services to passengers. Fees are indicated as a two-letter designation, and their monetary amount is in the currency of the statement item. The amount of one fee can range from 5 to 15 US dollars. If all fees do not fit in the corresponding columns, then the “combined” tax (the sum of all remaining) is indicated in the last column, and its decoding is given in field 13. In some cases, the fee may not be included in the ticket and will be charged additionally to the passenger (on the spot). In such a situation, the agent is obliged to inform the passenger about this when issuing the document. Field 18 (FORM OF PAYMENT Form of payment) indicates the method by which the ticket was paid. The words CASH (cash), INVOICE or INV (non-cash payment), CC (credit card) may appear here. In the last two cases, the contract number or credit card number may be indicated. Field 19 (ORIGIN/DESTINATION Point of departure/Destination) indicates the three-letter designation of the point of departure and point of arrival throughout. Field 20 (AIRLINE DATA alphanumeric route number. For marks by airlines) the reservation PNR CODE is entered. Field 21 (validator field) (DATA AND PLACE OF ISSUE Date and place of issue) provides the address of the agency where the ticket was purchased and the date the ticket was issued. The address is indicated due to the fact that according to the rules, a ticket can only be returned at the place where it was issued. In addition, when replacing a lost ticket, you should contact the point of original purchase to confirm that the person who lost the ticket is actually on the passenger list. Field 22 (ENDORSEMENTS/RESTRICTIONS - Endorsement/Restrictions) is reserved for the endorsement and restrictions. The transfer inscription implies permission to “change” from one company to another. If the column indicates SU/ KLM ONLY, this means that this ticket is valid on flights of Aeroflot and the Dutch airline KLM; if SU ONLY is indicated, then the flight can only be carried out with the help of Aeroflot. Entries reflecting any permission to change the conditions of transportation or restrictions on transportation are made in the same field. Among them, the most common are the following: “RES CHG USD50” (Changing a reservation with a fine of $50 US); “ONE INBOUND REB FREE” (One change of the return date is free); “NON REF” (Ticket is non-refundable); “NO CHG” (Changing the date on the ticket is not possible); "NO REROUT" (Changing the route is prohibited). This field can be used for some service information. In field 23 (USSUED IN EXCHANGE FOR - Issued in exchange for) the number of the original ticket is entered if this ticket is issued in exchange for it. For example, if a ticket was purchased on the route Singapore Moscow Singapore, and the tourist decided to change the route to Singapore Moscow Bangkok, then the agent must recalculate the fare to obtain the difference in the amount of money and issue a new ticket, which will indicate the number of the original ticket. Moreover, if the new ticket is more expensive, the passenger will have to pay the difference in price; if the ticket is cheaper, then the passenger is issued a receipt (MSO order for miscellaneous fees), according to which you can receive the corresponding amount of money at the place where the ticket was purchased. For this purpose, column 23 of the new ticket indicates the number of the old ticket. This column may indicate the receipt number (MCO) if the ticket was paid not by the passenger himself, but by some other person at a point other than the point of departure of the trip. In this case, the sponsor is issued a receipt for payment of the ticket and he informs who should come and where to get the ticket. The MCO number by which the ticket was paid is indicated on the ticket. In field 24 (CONJUNCTION TICKETS - Additional ticket) the number of the additional ticket is indicated if the route on this ticket includes more flights than the number of flight coupons in this ticket. It should be borne in mind that these several forms constitute one travel document, so it must be retained in its entirety until the end of the entire trip. Field 25 (ADDITIONAL ENDORSEMENT/RESTRICTIONS - Additional restrictions) is present only in manual forms and contains information that does not fit into columns 13 and In field 26 (TOUR CODE Tour code) a certain symbol used for group and confidential rates is written. In field 27 (FORM AND SERIAL NUMBER) the airline ticket number is written. Field 28 (ORIGINAL ISSUE Originally issued) indicates the amount of sales tax. A ticket is issued only after payment of the appropriate fare in cash or by bank transfer, including using a credit card. 2.3. Air ticket expiration date Air tickets issued at different fares have different expiration dates. A ticket issued at a normal fare is valid for transportation for one year from the date of departure using the first coupon. If none of the flight coupons are used or if the ticket is issued with an open date, then it is valid for one year from the date of issue. 36 A ticket issued at a special fare is valid for transporting a passenger within the time limits established by the rules for applying this fare. In some cases, the validity of an air ticket can be extended to the next carrier's flight on which there is a free seat corresponding to the class of service indicated on the ticket. Extension of the validity period of a ticket without additional payment is made in the following cases when: - the carrier canceled the flight on which the passenger had a reserved seat; - the carrier has canceled the stop of the aircraft according to the flight schedule at the point that for the passenger is the point of departure, destination - or stopover; the carrier did not operate the flight in accordance with the time specified in the schedule; - the carrier did not provide the passenger with the reserved seat; - the carrier did not provide the passenger with the class of service indicated on the ticket; - the carrier incorrectly issued a ticket to the passenger; - the passenger was unable to complete the flight that had begun within the validity period of the ticket due to his illness or the illness of a family member traveling with him on the aircraft. In this case, based on the submitted medical report, the carrier can extend the validity of the travel document up to 3 months. At the request of the passenger, the validity of a ticket paid at a special fare can be extended up to a year (from the date of departure, if the trip has begun, or from the date of issue, if no flight coupon has been used). However, in this case, the passenger must pay extra for the ticket up to the normal round-trip fare, which is valid on the day the transportation is issued; the ticket is rewritten. 2.4. Lost and invalid tickets A passenger is allowed for transportation if the ticket presented at check-in is properly issued and contains the appropriate flight and passenger coupons. If a tourist has lost his ticket before departure, he must contact the agency that issued the ticket; if the loss occurred at the destination, then you should report this to the representative office of the carrier for whose flight the ticket was issued. In the event of loss or damage to a ticket, the carrier, at the request of the passenger, can issue him a duplicate in exchange for the lost or damaged document provided for by the rules. In this situation, the passenger is obliged to provide a fine to the carrier with the collection of instructions. airline information regarding the time and place of purchase of the ticket, as well as provide a guarantee to pay the carrier all expenses if another person uses the lost or damaged ticket for a flight or for a refund. If a ticket issued by another carrier is lost or damaged, a duplicate can be issued only after receiving the written permission of that carrier. It should be remembered that a refund for a duplicate ticket and no changes to it are made. The carrier may invalidate the ticket and refuse to transport the passenger or refund the money for such a ticket. The ticket is recognized - has been declared invalid - in the following cases if lost (or stolen); the ticket turned out to be fake; was purchased from an organization or person not representing the carrier and not incorrectly being its agent; decorated If the travel document is declared invalid for reasons depending on the carrier, it is confiscated and subject to exchange. When a ticket is invalidated for reasons beyond the carrier's control, it is confiscated and not replaced. However, in all such cases, the carrier draws up an act of confiscation of the travel document indicating the reasons for declaring it invalid. The ticket is not transferable and cannot be used by another person. A person presenting a ticket in the name of another is not entitled to carriage or a refund of amounts on the unused ticket or part thereof. If, nevertheless, the use of someone else’s ticket by another person who does not have the right to do so occurs, the carrier is not liable to the person who had the right to this transportation. The passenger is obliged to keep the passenger ticket and all unused flight coupons during the entire carriage and present them to the carrier's representatives at any time upon their request. 2.5. Methods of selling air tickets You can purchase tickets directly at airport ticket offices, at agencies or representative offices of airlines, as well as at travel agencies that have the right to handle air transportation. Purchasing an air ticket at the airport, although it is a rather troublesome undertaking, has the advantages of guaranteeing the information received and paperwork, as well as the possibility of purchasing a cheaper ticket as part of the airline’s implementation of some special offer. Purchasing tickets through commercial ticket offices is tempting because the latter can be found in almost every district of the city, which frees the client from a tedious trip to the airport. However, due to the fact that ticket office agents receive commissions for the sale of air tickets, the price for transportation in this case may increase. One convenient way to purchase tickets is to order them by phone, but in this case you will also have to pay extra for delivery. In addition, many organizations limit the time and place of delivery (only during the day, within the Moscow Ring Road, only at a work address, etc.). If the order is made through a little-known company, this option may be unsafe from the point of view of the possibility of receiving a fake ticket. Some foreign carriers offer an unusual way of distributing air tickets. Thus, the Lufthansa airline periodically holds virtual auctions of air tickets in different countries. In Russia, economy and business class tickets for flights from Moscow and St. Petersburg to different parts of the world are offered as a lot. According to the rules of the auction, the price of the offered tickets can be increased by 10, 20 and 50 US dollars. The auction participant who has won a ticket for the presented flight receives a notification about this by email or telephone. Payment for the ticket is made at the airline's representative office. You can also purchase a ticket via the Internet, without leaving your home or office, by ordering it on the carrier’s website and paying for delivery to your home by courier. Of the foreign carriers that have Internet sites on the network, 78% sell their air tickets in this way or plan to organize such a sale in the coming years. In general, the number of tickets sold online currently reaches 10%. As reputable global airlines acquire existing large commercial sites in the field of tourism and leisure, this percentage may soon increase significantly. There are times when one person wants to pay for a ticket to another person located in another city (or even country). For this purpose, there is a special procedure for selling Prepaid Ticket Advice (PTA). It consists of the fact that the sponsor (the person paying for the ticket) comes to the carrier’s representative office, books and pays for the ticket. At the same time, he names the passenger’s last name and the geographic location where the passenger should receive this document (naturally, there should be a representative office of this airline in such a geographic location). However, this method of paying for a ticket has some inconveniences. Firstly, according to international standards, a city can only have one office dedicated to RTA. Secondly, when paying for a ticket, only international rather expensive “published fares” will be available to the sponsor, since preferential and special fares are valid only at the point of departure of transportation (i.e., where the passenger is located, not the sponsor). Thirdly, this service is paid, although not very expensive ($30 - 35 US). A more convenient option in such a situation is to pay for the ticket with an “Authorization without Form” credit card. presence This owner's operation of a so-called travel document fee consists of the fact that the sponsor contacts the agency located at the point from which the passenger is going to fly, books him a ticket, negotiates its cost and sends an authorized letter by fax or email. The agent issues the ticket against the sponsor's credit card, and the passenger picks up the ticket at a time convenient for him or her, or the ticket is sent to the passenger by registered mail. It should be borne in mind that in any case, when purchasing an air ticket, there are many subtleties that are not always known to the average client. Sometimes it happens that the rules for applying the selected fare become an unpleasant surprise for the passenger. Therefore, when buying a ticket, you need to be interested in all the features of the fare you like. Chapter 4 MODERN AIRLINE TICKET RESERVATION SYSTEMS An important feature of any air travel is air ticket booking (i.e. pre-order of an air ticket), giving the passenger a guarantee of securing a seat on an airliner operating the selected flight on a certain date. Air ticket reservations can be made at airports, airline representative offices and travel agencies that have the right to arrange transportation. To book a ticket, the customer can contact the booking agent directly, by phone or online. As noted earlier, the latter method of booking is quite widely promoted by air carriers in order to improve service for tourists. There are a number of rules that must be followed by the passenger and the ticketing agent for a quick and successful booking process. When ordering a ticket, the passenger must provide the booking agent with all information regarding the specific conditions of carriage (route, departure date, class of service, number of seats), as well as information regarding special conditions of carriage, if any. The latter include: - unaccompanied child under 12 years of age; a deaf or blind passenger (unaccompanied, accompanied or accompanied by 2 guide dogs); a disabled person in a wheelchair or a disabled person who can move independently; - the patient is a passenger on a special stretcher; food; the presence of excess baggage, oversized baggage in the aircraft cabin; - transportation of animals or birds, weapons, sports equipment, etc. The information received from the client is entered into an automated booking system (ARS), and if the response is positive, this system issues a status confirming acceptance of the order. The timing of booking an air ticket is determined by the fare rules. There are rates at which you can book tickets up to a year in advance; other tariffs limit booking periods a month, two weeks, a week before the start of transportation, etc. Some tariffs oblige clients to purchase tickets immediately within 24-72 hours. When booking, the client must be given full information about the tariff and the rules for its application. Until the passenger has purchased a ticket, the reservation is considered preliminary. Upon expiration of the reservation period (which is also established by the tariff rules), the order may be canceled without warning. If necessary, the carrier has the right to require the client to reconfirm (re-confirm) the reservation of a ticket along the forward or return route, which can be done either in person or by telephone. If the passenger does not do this within a certain period, the carrier has the right to cancel the reservation for a flight further along the route or for a return flight. Information received from the passenger must be kept confidential by the air carrier and can only be transferred to its agents, other carriers, companies providing relevant additional government services, as well as authorities. As already noted, all information received from the passenger is entered into an automated booking system (ARS). CRS is an information computer system containing information about airline routes, carrier schedules, tariffs, discounts applied, availability of seats on aircraft, etc. The first CRS, called “Apollo,” was introduced in 1976 by the American airline “ United Airlines." Following this, American Airlines made its own CRS and called it “Sabre”. Both systems very quickly turned into collective ones, i.e. they began to serve entire groups of airlines, providing information not only about the availability of seats on a particular flight, but also general information about carriers’ flights, a detailed description of tariffs, information about flight durations and route features. In the 80s These systems began to rapidly conquer the international market for booking air tickets. Soon, the high efficiency of using computer reservation systems made it possible for CRS owners to engage in related sectors of the tourism business. To do this, they began to include information on car rental, hotel accommodation, sale of railway tickets, registration of foreign passports and other services in computer systems programs. This significantly strengthened the cooperation of the ASB with travel agencies and led to the installation of booking terminals in large agencies, as well as the development of special programs for agencies that allow computer processing of their documentation and accounting. Currently, most of the air tickets sold for flights in Western Europe and America are sold through travel agencies connected to large computer reservation systems, which have actually turned into global travel reservation systems (Global Distributi on Systems GDS). The main goal of cooperation between ASB and travel agencies is to maximize their sales network. ASB “Sabre” was especially successful in this. She developed two specialized programs that allow companies or individuals to log into the system from their computers to book various services and obtain information of interest to them. The information presented is very extensive and contains information about the weather in the largest cities in the world; about currency and exchange rates in hotels; about the services of the World Association of Travel Agencies in providing translators, multilingual guides, cars. Programs allow you to book hotel rooms; purchase tickets for railway and bus routes and cruise ships; book tickets to theaters, exhibitions and to museums; organize excursions, select entertainment, list of information. “Sabre” of which is available allows you to display geographic maps, photographs of vacation spots, beaches, hotel rooms on the appropriate display unit, which allows the client to determine the place and living conditions according to his taste and For air passengers, the Saber system has developed a special low price search program that allows you to view all flights day after day and identify the cheapest ones, since many air carriers reduce prices as the departure date approaches in order to fill the remaining seats. In addition, Saber » offers assistance in finding the cheapest tickets without a penalty in case of refusal; without limiting the minimum and maximum time spent at the destination; without the requirement of prior In general, American purchases of computer ticket systems and reservations, etc. today have achieved the greatest development. In addition to the above mentioned, the American CRS System One and Worldspan operate quite successfully in the international market for booking travel services. In Russia, based on integration with the latest Russian-American company Travel City, a system for booking air tickets and tourist services Avantix.ru was created, which currently acts as a full-fledged virtual agency. It allows you to book a wide range of travel services via the Internet, including booking air tickets for all scheduled flights of the world's largest airlines across the entire range of fares, reserving vehicles and hotels abroad, even on the day of departure. Subsequently, Avantix.ru intends to provide the ability to book services not only to partner travel agencies, but also to direct users. In addition to American service booking systems, there are similar systems created in other regions in Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa. In 1987, two large computer reservation associations, Amadeus and Galileo, emerged in Europe. The “Amad eus” system includes CRSs of the following airlines: “Air France”, “Air Inter”, “Iberia”, “Lufthansa”, “Finnair”, “Irslander”, etc. The Galileo system unites the CRSs of Alitalia, British Airways, Sabena, KLM, Swissair, etc. Both of these reservation systems have tens of thousands of terminals in travel agencies in many countries around the world, through which you can book tickets on flights of various airlines, accommodation in hotel chains and independent hotels, rent cars from the most famous rental companies, and also receive a lot of various information. In the Asian region, the largest computer reservation system is Abacus, which includes Cathay Pacific Airways, China Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Philippine Airlines, Royal Brooney and Singapore Airlines. In the early 80s. 54 airlines from the African and Latin American computer regions combined their reservations and created a collective CRS called “Gabriel”. Subsequently, Russian air carriers Aeroflot, Transaero, Rossiya, Orient, Vnukovo Airlines, etc. began to cooperate with it. Over time, the services of the ASB Gabriel were expanded by connecting to the system of travel agencies of the countries participating in this union . An expanded set of services (the so-called GETS-Gabriel) allows you to book hotel rooms, order car rentals, automate the work of travel agency offices, keep records of frequent flyers, and manage the profitability of transportation. It should be noted that the international organization IATA is actively involved in the development of computer booking systems, training specialists in different countries through travel agencies to work in automated booking systems. Recently, in the development of CRSs, there has been a rather intensive process of their integration, consisting in the exchange of service packages between individual large computer systems. For example, System One supplies certain software to Amadeus; in certain areas, Galileo cooperates with Apollo, Amadeus with Saber, etc. Some airlines participate in several collective CRSs, which indicates their active position in the air transportation market. The main directions of development of all reservation systems at present are: providing access to the systems (mainly through the development of the Internet), improving the systems themselves to simplify their use and introducing new functions in the interests of clients. In particular, to implement the latter direction, the following programs have been developed: to help the client choose the cheapest fare on a given route served by several carriers; making it possible to get acquainted with all flights and flight connections of companies on the required route in one transaction; if there are no rooms in the requested hotel, permission to obtain1 information about the availability of rooms in hotels of a similar level of the same hotel chain, located within a radius of five miles, etc. The wider use of global computer networks in the tourism business is also facilitated by the development of space and optical communications and the improvement of computer technology. However, in addition to technology. new opportunities in serving tourists, opened up in the process of evolution and integration of CRS, and certain negative aspects of these phenomena are also revealed. For example, some travel agencies strive primarily to book seats on flights of air carriers that own automated reservation systems, which leads to these airlines receiving excess profits and infringing on the interests of other participants in the system. Considering the fact that the majority of customers book seats from the first screen, in some cases the airline owner of the system tries to show its flights on information monitors before the flights of other carriers, which also creates unequal conditions in cooperation. To eliminate this negative phenomenon, in 1989, the 27th ICAO Assembly decided to develop a “Code of Conduct when Using Reservation Systems,” which stipulates the order in which flights are presented on monitors. First, all direct nonstop flights are shown in order of departure time; then other direct flights in order of total flight duration; then connecting flights in order of total flight duration. This “Code of Conduct” is an integral part of air services agreements concluded between states. It should be noted that in September 1999, a new automated reservation system “Sirena-3” was created in Russia, which is defined as the basis for managing air transportation in Russian air transport. In terms of technical equipment, the domestic computer reservation system fully corresponds to the level of modern global computing systems, since the most famous American corporations Saber and IBM took part in the supply of equipment, software and technologies for it. In addition, Russian ASB has a number of advantages over foreign ones: it is cheaper; more powerful in terms of information volume (the Sire-ny-3 drive is designed for 1 terabyte, which exceeds the capacity of most foreign ASB drives); has a high speed of information transfer; can work with 10 thousand subscribers. In addition to the technical implementation program, Siren-3 provides for a number of other programs. Among them: “Passenger service”, “Revenue accounting”, “Management of shipments at the airport”, “Management of cargo transportation”, “Revenue management”, etc. Many Russian airlines have already been connected to the Sirena-3 ASB (Ural Airlines, Samara, Tyumen-Aerotrans, Bashkiria, Krasnoyarsk Airlines, etc.). All of them note the ease of working with a large amount of information, the advantages of agencies’ free access to the air transportation market, as well as the opportunity to significantly increase the variety of services provided. Using Sirena -3 you can book hotel rooms, rent cars, carry out credit card transactions, and also book train tickets. In 2001, work was carried out on the basis of Sirena-3 to introduce a charter flight booking program. The introduction of this program allows charter market participants to reach a fundamentally new professional level of work, which makes it possible to fully automate activities in this area of air transportation and gain access to up-to-date information on the availability of seats on charter flights. This development was called “Sirena-Aerotrans”, since the initiator of its creation was the Aerotrans company. Reservations of air tickets for charter flights can also be made through the Internet reservation system “Matizz.ru”, which provides travel companies with information on the Internet on the booking and sale of blocks, segments and individual seats on the charter passenger air transport market. This system was developed and put into operation in 2002 by the Matizz.ru CPU and the Lanit holding. Chapter 5 TECHNOLOGY OF SERVICE FOR AIR PASSENGERS Service of air passengers during air transportation includes a number of procedures aimed at ensuring guarantees of transportation, compliance with flight safety conditions, as well as fulfilling the requirements of various citizens, government agencies, users of the services of air carriers. To undergo these procedures, the passenger must arrive at the airport in advance. As a rule, on international flights the passenger’s arrival time at the airport is 2.5 hours before the aircraft’s departure, and on domestic flights it is 2 hours. This time is necessary for the passenger to complete pre-flight administrative formalities and the registration procedure. The start time for ticket check-in and baggage check-in before departure is set by the carrier and must be indicated on the ticket or other document given to the passenger when the ticket is sold. If such information was not provided, then in case of being late for the flight, the passenger (in accordance with Article 10 of the Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights) has the right to demand compensation for losses incurred as a result of failure to provide information. A passenger for international transportation undergoes administrative formalities: - customs sanitary and epidemiological passport and visa - the following inspection; control (if necessary); (border) special control - control; flight safety. On domestic flights, passengers undergo special flight safety control and screening 5.1. Checking in passengers' baggage for an air flight. Registration refers to the reconciliation of passengers arriving on a flight with the lists of booked passengers whose names are included in the PNL (Passenger Name List). This procedure is carried out by the number indicator behind the registration and counter, the route supplied with the flight. Simultaneously with the check-in of passengers for the flight, their baggage is also processed. For this purpose, check-in areas are equipped with scales for weighing baggage and hand luggage, installations for baggage inspection, conveyors, and communications equipment. Passenger check-in and baggage check-in for business and economy class passengers are carried out, as a rule, at various check-in counters. However, if check-in takes place at one counter, then it is carried out with priority for business class passengers. The procedure for registering passengers for a flight is as follows: - the check-in desk operator takes the passenger's air ticket and documents, - identifying the passenger; checks the correspondence of the surname indicated in the passport (or other identification document of the passenger) with the surname on the ticket; - checks the validity of the ticket, place and date of issue, presence of the agent’s signature, booking data (carrier code, flight number, departure date, booking status, fare type, free baggage allowance, class of service), if necessary, “Transfer - availability of stamp inscription/ Restrictions"; checks the passenger's name against the list of booked passengers in PNL and notes them on the Passenger Registration Form (these Forms are compiled separately for each class of service). If the passenger’s ticket indicates the OK status, and his last name is not included in the PNL and the flight is fully loaded, then the operator, having established the reason for the absence of the passenger’s last name in the PNL, must offer the passenger either transportation by another carrier on the same day, or transportation on his next flight and providing hotel accommodation at your own expense, or make a refund for a paid ticket without penalties. In the future, the specific person responsible for this booking error will be identified. After checking the last name, the operator assigns a specific seat to the passenger in the aircraft cabin, based on the class of service. In this case, the interests of passengers are usually taken into account: a seat by the window or by the aisle, next to a companion (double, triple seats) or separately, in a smoking or non-smoking cabin. In some cases, the operator himself determines the seat in the cabin for the passenger. Thus, it is preferable to provide seats at emergency exits to passengers without obvious physical or mental disabilities who, in the event of evacuation, are capable of assisting other passengers or, at least, not impeding evacuation due to their infirm condition. Passengers who cannot speed up the process of evacuation from the aircraft are accommodated in places that do not block the approaches to emergency equipment and exits. Such passengers include persons with obvious physical or mental disabilities; persons whose health does not allow them to move quickly; children under 12 years old. As a sign of assigning a seat to a passenger, he is given a boarding pass, which indicates the number of a specific seat, the date and number of the flight, the serial number on the check-in sheet, as well as the number of the gate through which boarding will take place. Simultaneously with the passenger's check-in, all his belongings are weighed and the baggage checked in for transportation in the baggage compartment of the aircraft takes place. The operator at the check-in counter accepts tear-off coupons of baggage tags attached to checked baggage from the baggage handler and pastes them onto the cover of the airline ticket. From this moment on, the passenger's air ticket also becomes a baggage receipt. Information about the number of seats and the weight of checked baggage and hand luggage is included in the ticket. The operator then removes the flight coupon for that leg of the flight and returns the ticket to the passenger along with the baggage tag tear-off coupons. A confiscated flight coupon serves as confirmation that the passenger actually showed up to check-in for the flight. If the passenger has excess baggage, he is obliged to pay for it at the appropriate rate and provide the check-in counter operator with a receipt for payment; from it the operator removes the flight coupon of the paid baggage receipt. If a passenger decides to fly in a higher class of service, he must contact the senior check-in controller to request an upgrade. If there are empty business class seats on an aircraft, such permission is usually issued by placing a mark on the front of the ticket indicating the date, flight number and name of the person issuing the permission. Then the passenger is invited to go to the ticket office, where he pays the appropriate amount of money. The booking agent issues an order for various MCO charges to the passenger, and a sticker with a change in class of service is pasted into the flight coupon. When such a passenger checks in, the operator at the check-in counter removes the corresponding MCO coupon and attaches it to the flight ticket coupon. The order itself for various fees remains with the passenger. After check-in, passengers are asked to proceed to the sanitary and passport control area for further registration for the flight, and then to the waiting area (for economy class passengers) or the business lounge (for business class passengers). Typically, passenger check-in ends 40 minutes before international departure.
higher professional education
Bachelor's Degree
O. Ya. Osipova
transport
Educational educational institutions of the Russian Federation
in education in the field of service and tourism
as a textbook for students of higher educational institutions,
students in areas of training 100400 “Tourism”
and 101100 “Hotel business”
6th edition, revised
UDC 744.4/.5(075.8)
BBK 75.81ya73
REVIEWERS:
Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Russian State University of Trade and Economics A. S. Bezryadnova;
Head of the Operational Schedule Optimization Department of the Route Network Management Department of Aeroflot OJSC E. B. Shabashova Osipova O. Ya.
Transport services in tourism: a textbook for students.
O- institutions of higher education. prof. education / O. Ya. Osipova. - 6th ed., revised. - M.: Publishing center "Academy", 2012. - 400 p. - (Ser. Bachelor's degree).
ISBN 978-5-7695-8514- The textbook was created in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard in the areas of training “Tourism”, “Hospitality” (qualification “bachelor”).
The legal framework regulating the transportation of tourists on international and domestic routes is considered. The procedure for the implementation of tourist transportation by individual links of the transport system is outlined, as well as the basic rules for the transportation of passengers and luggage in accordance with modern codes and charters of various types of transport. Information is provided on the services provided when transporting tourists, including those reflecting the latest technological innovations. Security issues related to transport services for tourists are covered.
This edition was prepared using materials from the 5th edition:
Osipova O. Ya. “Transport services for tourists.”
For students of higher education institutions.
UDC 744.4/.5(075.8) BBK 75.81ya The original layout of this publication is the property of the Publishing Center "Academy", and its reproduction in any way without the consent of the copyright holder is prohibited © Osipova O. Ya., © Educational Publishing Center "Academy", ISBN 978-5-7695-8514-2 © Design. Publishing Center "Academy", Introduction It is a well-known fact that in recent years the tourism industry has begun to occupy one of the main places in the economy of most countries. The tourism product (tourist product) produced by it includes a large and varied range of services and goods that can be consumed by people when traveling, as well as during recreation, entertainment, treatment, educational and professional development, carried out within the framework of tourism.
At the same time, transport services, which are an integral part of the content of the tourism product, have a significant impact on its quality.
Transportation of passengers, including tourists, is carried out by various modes of transport - air, land, water.
The popularity or demand for different types of transport for tourist transportation depends on the geographical location and climatic conditions of the country, its economic development, national traditions, social status and standard of living of people and other factors. Each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, determined by historical development, technical, economic and environmental characteristics, but all types of transport systems pursue one main goal - the most complete satisfaction of the needs of travelers in the implementation of transportation services. In this regard, it makes sense to talk about transport services for tourists as a set of services designed to transport tourists and their luggage from one point to another with sufficient speed and maximum level of comfort.
Transport services are based on a legal basis enshrined in legislative documents developed by various international transport organizations, national legislation of countries, and internal rules of carriers. Various aspects of transport services require special attention when implementing international tourism. Expanding the boundaries of international cooperation in the field of travel necessitates constant improvement of the norms and rules for customs, border and sanitary control.
Scientific and technological progress has led to the emergence of vehicles capable of quickly delivering a person to any point on the globe (supersonic aircraft, high-speed trains, SUVs, icebreaking and deep-sea transport, etc.), as well as to the introduction of new technologies in the field of transport services. This is reflected in the creation of global reservation systems and non-traditional methods of selling tickets, the emergence and development of charter programs of carriers, the development of various information systems, the use of electronic devices for monitoring technical and technological modes of transportation, and increasing their safety.
The competitive struggle for clients both between individual transport structures and between carriers within each mode of transport has given a powerful impetus to the process of improving service for passengers. An increase in the level of service is manifested in the modern technical equipment of rolling stock, the creation of comfortable travel conditions, the organization of leisure time for passengers on board vehicles, the provision of special meals to them, and the development of incentive programs for regular customers of transport companies. Special measures are carried out by carriers when servicing children and disabled people, as well as other categories of passengers, on transport, which allows them to more fully satisfy their needs.
An important area in the field of transport services is the close cooperation of various transport systems.
This contributes to the creation of multimodal stations, coordination of schedules, harmonization of transport services and their comprehensive provision to passengers.
A very important issue when carrying out transportation is safety, which implies compliance with the rules of operation of rolling stock, professional and coordinated work of various services that ensure the movement of vehicles, compliance with the rules of conduct by passengers themselves, and the use of environmentally friendly modes of transport.
Since the transportation of organized groups of tourists has a number of features related to the development of routes, booking tickets, accommodation on transport, and the implementation of tour programs, travel agencies have to establish reliable contacts with transport companies.
The material presented in this textbook shows that many problems associated with transport services for tourists can and should be solved by travel agencies, while others have deeper roots, going back to the sphere of activity of carriers. Understanding these problems should help future specialists in the field of tourism business to correctly and competently organize their work when creating and promoting a tourism product.
transport as a component of tourism All over the world, transport occupies one of the leading places in economic development, since it ensures the territorial integrity of the state and its unified economic space. Transport is also of great importance in the development of international relations, which is most clearly manifested in the field of tourism. Transport services in the tourism industry account for 40 to 60% of all services provided to travelers by various enterprises involved in the sale of tourism.
The word “transport” comes from the Latin “transportare” - to carry, move, transport. In encyclopedic dictionaries, transport is characterized as a branch of material production that transports passengers and goods, as well as the means of transport themselves. For this purpose, various devices created by man himself during the development of technical progress, and animals (horses, elephants, dogs, camels, etc.) can be used.
If we approach the concept of “transport” only from the standpoint of its interpretation in encyclopedic dictionaries, then the main role of vehicles in tourism lies precisely in transporting (moving) the traveler from one point to another. However, tourism is a specific area of social activity that allows us to abstract from the stereotypical concept of “vehicle” and consider the means of moving people in a broader sense of the word.
The role and place of transport services in tourism The movement of people in space can have different motivations: not only reaching a certain destination, but also receiving visual information, pleasure from the process of movement and “thrills” associated with certain conditions of movement. In the last two cases, not only vehicles in the generally accepted sense of the word are often used, but also other devices: sleds, skis, skates, scooters, rollers, ATVs, surfboards, parachutes, etc. Some of them can be driven by muscular force humans, others - due to natural factors: differences in terrain levels, river flow, breaking wave force, wind, etc. Some vehicles can be used in attractions (Ferris wheel, roller coaster, zorbs, etc.).
Therefore, we can say that the role of transport services in tourism is determined by the function that they must perform in the travel program. From this point of view, when implementing tourism, means of transportation can provide various directions:
transportation of tourists from one point to another (delivery to the destination);
transfer (meeting and seeing off tourists);
excursion services (conducting transport or transport-pedestrian excursions);
form the basis of route tours (bus, rail, horseback, cruises);
form the basis of program tours (sports, adventure, business, space, entertainment);
To be used as elements of entertainment in places of public recreation (water skis, ATVs, attractions);
used in the rental business (renting cars, bicycles, jet skis, boats, etc.);
Form an urban transport structure (a set of vehicles for the organized and independent movement of tourists within the visited locality);
Used as auxiliary technical equipment when moving tourists (elevators, lifts, continuous vehicles);
Be an object of tourist interest (transport museums, engineering transport structures and architectural station complexes, children's railways, monorails);
be used as stationary and mobile accommodation facilities.
Delivery of tourists to the destination. Delivery of tourists to the destination can be carried out by various modes of transport - air, rail, road, water. The choice of one type of transport or another depends on the following factors:
remoteness of the destination; delivery speed; transportation costs; comfort of the vehicle; the desired degree of information content of the trip; the possibility of stopping along the way at your own request; benefits provided; possibility of carrying a certain amount of luggage; season (time) of year;
transportation safety, etc.
tourists prefer to use air transport. At the same time, the disadvantages of comfort (especially when flying in economy class) and the rather high price of transportation are compensated by fast delivery to the destination.
However, it should be borne in mind that in some cases (namely, in a certain distance range), rail transport may compete with air transport. For example, traveling from Moscow to St. Petersburg by plane can sometimes take longer than by train, although the flight itself only takes about 50 minutes. This is due to the fact that large airports are usually located far from the city, so you first need to get to them by bus, car or electric train. In the first two cases, travel time can increase significantly due to traffic jams on the roads. In addition, according to the rules of air transportation, you must arrive at the airport 2 - 2.5 hours before the start of the flight (this time is spent on completing all pre-flight formalities and baggage check-in). Considering the fact that air travel depends on meteorological conditions, the flight may be delayed for several hours due to bad weather. Upon arrival at the destination airport, some time is spent waiting and receiving luggage. Transfer from the airport to the city will also affect the duration of the trip.
If you use high-speed rail transport, then, having left the center of Moscow from the Leningradsky railway station (where you can easily get there by metro), in five hours you can find yourself in the center of St. Petersburg at the Moscow railway station. And even in the absence of problems with the weather and with the same duration of travel, in this case the train trip looks less troublesome and more comfortable.
Similar routes exist in other countries, as well as in international traffic. For example, many residents of England and France prefer high-speed trains running through a railway tunnel built under the English Channel to air travel.
Comfort of travel is a complex indicator that depends both on the type of transport used by the traveler, and on the specific vehicle and the conditions of transportation on it. The most comfortable are considered to be multi-deck sea and river vessels, equipped with cabins with all amenities, having a variety of premises and equipment for leisure activities, as well as sufficient territory for movement inside the vehicle. As for trains and airplanes, the “living space” on them is more limited, but reserved seat and sleeping compartment cars are still more comfortable compared to the seats of airliners. The comfort of a long trip in a bus or car looks even less attractive, but it is compensated by the large amount of information and mobility For tourists with children and people for older and older people, as well as for young people, the services provided to passengers by various transport companies are of significant importance. The amount of discounts may depend on the season, route direction, size of the group of travelers, etc.
Sometimes a tourist needs to take with him a fairly significant amount of hand luggage and luggage. In this regard, this factor may be decisive in the choice of vehicle. So, for example, on railway transport you can carry 36 kg of free hand luggage with you into a reserved seat carriage, and on an airplane when flying in economy class - only 20 kg.
Of course, one of the most important factors influencing the attractiveness of a particular type of transport is its safety. And although only vehicles with certificates of conformity are allowed to operate passenger (as well as freight) transportation, there are other reasons that can lead to serious and even catastrophic consequences during transportation. Such reasons include errors of vehicle drivers and traffic controllers (the so-called “human factor”), sudden breakdown of the mechanical parts of a vehicle, in some cases - a natural (weather) factor: ice, heat, flood, landslide in the mountains, etc. etc. According to statistics, the most dangerous type of transport is automobile transport. In this regard, if it is possible to choose a transportation method, preference should be given to safer modes of transport (for example, rail). This is especially important when implementing children's tourism.
It should be noted that the delivery of tourists to destinations can be carried out on both regular and irregular flights (the features of these flights will be discussed in the chapter on the classification of transportation).
Transfer. Transfer (Latin transferre - to carry, transport) refers to any transportation of a tourist within a tourist center, i.e. delivery from a station (railway, bus) or from a port (air, sea, river) to a hotel and back, from one station to another, from one port to another, from a hotel to a theater or museum and back, etc.
The transfer can be carried out by various vehicles.
Most often, road transport is used for this. For groups of tourists, buses of varying capacity and comfort are offered, for VIPs - cars of prestigious brands (the so-called limousine service). Many tourists use the “Rent-a-car” service (car rental), which can be booked in advance when planning a tour, and can also be obtained in large cities upon arrival at the train station or airport.
Electric trains running between the city and its air harbors are a convenient means of transfer. For example, currently all major airports in Moscow are connected to the city center by railway lines along which Aeroexpress trains run. They deliver passengers from railway stations to Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo, and Vnukovo airports. At Vnukovo, the railway terminal is located underground, from where there is access to the airport terminal building. In St. Petersburg, a train transfer is organized between the city and Pulkovo Airport.
Trains can also serve as a transfer service for visiting tourist sites located near major tourist centers. So, for example, to travel to Yasnaya Polyana, where the museum-estate of L.N. Tolstoy is located, you can use a special tourist and excursion train, which brings tourists to the Kozlova Zaseka station, from where a bus takes them directly to the museum-estate.
At Dallas Airport (USA), the transfer role is performed by a monorail transport system with a capacity of 9 thousand people per hour and serving several routes. Similar systems are found in other countries - Japan, France.
Recently, the role of air vehicles in transfer transportation has increased. Helicopters are the most suitable for these purposes, since they have a fairly high speed, are able to land on small areas, have vertical take-off, and can operate in difficult weather conditions. Helicopter transfer is especially effective in large cities because it makes it possible to avoid traffic jams on the roads leading to airports. Despite the fact that such air taxis are quite expensive for passengers, they find their clients in many countries around the world (Japan, Canada, USA, etc.). It should be noted that currently, transportation by air taxi helicopters within the region is organized from the Bykovo airport (Moscow region); In addition, there is a project to create several helipads around the MKAD (Moscow Ring Road) to transport passengers from the city to surrounding areas.
In countries washed by seas and oceans, transfers are organized using ferries and boats plying between the mainland and the islands.
In the tourism industry, non-traditional modes of transport are often used for transfer purposes. For example, in Egypt, in the city of Etfu, located on the banks of the Nile, for tourists arriving on cruise ships, from the pier to one of the most ancient monuments of Egyptian civilization - the Temple of King Horus - transportation is organized at four places new carts drawn by horses. In many seaside resort towns of Tunisia and Thailand, unusual vehicles - tuk-tuks - are used to transport tourists to the beach. They are unique motorcycles with semi-open passenger compartments for 6 - 8 people.
In China, Nepal, and India, wealthy tourists are offered transportation to attractions. Some rickshaw pullers (porters) carry their clients on special stretchers, while others are harnessed to light two-wheeled carts designed to carry passengers. In Japan, South Africa and other countries, foreigners often use pedicabs for transfers, which are two-wheeled carriages connected to a bicycle driven by a person.
In Finland, for example, animals are used for transfers. Thus, two kilometers from Rovaniemi airport (the major cultural and economic center of Lapland) there is a Santa Claus village with a tourist theme park. You can get to it from the airport not only by motor sleigh, but also by dog or reindeer sled.
We should not forget that tourists often use traditional public urban transport - the metro, tram, bus, trolleybus, taxi - to arrive at hotels, visit theaters, museums, exhibitions, and also for shopping purposes.
Transport and excursion services. As you know, an excursion (from the Latin excursio - trip) is understood as a collective or individual visit to any places of particular interest to tourists: historical and architectural monuments, museums, exhibitions, specialized objects, etc.
A distinctive feature of such an event is that the group (or one person) is accompanied by a specialist guide who talks about events, monuments or exhibits that reflect the content of the excursion.
Sightseeing can take place without or with the use of vehicles. Buses are most often used as the latter, since they are indispensable for conducting multi-kilometer sightseeing tours around the city, as well as thematic city and country trips.
The vast majority of organized tourist trips include in their programs at least one (sightseeing) bus tour, which gives a general idea of the main attractions of the destination. Thematic excursions using buses can be carried out both within the city (for example, bus excursions “Pushkin’s places in Moscow”, “Around the Boulevard Ring”), and outside (for example, bus and walking excursions from Moscow to Sergiev Posad, Suzdal, Zvenigorod, from St. Petersburg to Tsarskoe Selo, Pavlovsk, Gatchina, etc.).
In cities where there are navigable rivers, excursions can be carried out on small ships or boats. Thus, motor boat excursions along the Moscow River are very popular in Moscow (from the New Bridge at the Expocentre Central Exhibition Complex on Krasnaya Presnya to the ensemble of the Kolomenskoye estate), in the northern capital - “Along the small rivers and canals of St. St. Petersburg", in Paris - "Evening Paris" along the Seine, etc. In the capital of the Netherlands, Amsterdam, inspection of most memorable places is carried out from boats and pleasure boats scurrying along the numerous canals that cut through the city in all directions.
For excursion trips, special open and panoramic trains are widely used. In the first case, the train is made up of open carriages, which allows tourists not only to view the surrounding area, but also to enjoy the fresh air. These trains often operate in national and theme parks.
Panoramic trains are popular for excursion trips to view beautiful scenic areas: mountain ranges, cliffs, fjords, lakes, etc. The cars of these trains have huge windows, a transparent roof, and swivel chairs. The most famous panoramic trains include: the Glacier Express and the Chocolate Train in Switzerland; Express Mont Blanc in France;
a double-decker, glass-roofed train designed specifically for travel in Alaska; a train operating one of the highest mountain railway routes in Mexico, etc.
In Russia, on the most beautiful and famous section of the Trans-Siberian Railway - the Circum-Baikal Railway - a retro train "Baikal Cruise" runs, offering excursion programs around the outskirts of Lake Baikal. In Moscow, excursionists are offered a two-hour journey on a steam locomotive along a small railway ring.
In Hungary, a cogwheel railway is used for sightseeing tours, from which a picturesque view of the landscape of the Buda Mountains opens. In theme parks in Australia, Italy and the USA, monorail trains are used for excursion services.
Air transport can also be used for excursion purposes: for sightseeing tours over the city and its environs, nature reserves, for viewing architectural palace and park ensembles and unusual natural landscapes. In many countries, such excursions are carried out by helicopters, small planes, hot air balloons, aerostats, and hang gliders. For example, panoramic views of Dubai (UAE) can be admired from a hot air balloon raised to a height of 160 m; in Bavaria, in the German resort town of Bad Birnbach, vacationers are offered to ascend in a hot air balloon to an even greater height - 350 - 500 m, from which ancient German cities, medieval fortresses and castles are visible. In Russia, hot air balloon flights are carried out in the vicinity of Dmitrov and the Istra-Zvenigorod-Ruza triangle.
For excursion services, non-traditional vehicles for such events can be used: animals (in Egypt, tourists flying to Hurghada are offered a camel ride to an Arab village), bicycles ( in Finland there is a bicycle tour of Helsinki), with and in e (in the capital of Ukraine Kiev, with their help, excursionists explore the most beautiful capital parks - Mariinsky and Khreshchaty), etc.
Transport as the basis of route tours. A distinctive feature of route tours is that during their implementation the tourist is not in stationary living conditions, but in conditions of movement - constant or with short stops. These include travel on tourist excursion trains, sea and river cruises, bus, horseback, caravanning tours, etc. For such trips, vehicles are used that can be the property of travel companies or purchased by them from carriers on a lease basis, as well as personal vehicles facilities.
One of the main requirements when organizing route tours is the creation of comfortable conditions during transportation and the possibility of long-term life support along the way. Thus, when conducting multi-day auto tours, buses with a high class category (3 - 5 stars according to the international classification) are used, equipped with comfortable seats that can change the angle of the backrest, air conditioning, a refrigerator, a toilet, a thermal water heater, a video system, a microphone, a radio, equipment for information exchange, dedicated space for a guide, etc.
A type of car tours are caravanning tours, which are carried out on cars in the form of a mobile house or equipped with special trailers adapted for long-term stays. Such vehicles (or trailers) are equipped with a bedroom, kitchen, toilet, refrigerator and other amenities. Caravanning tours are widespread in Western European countries, where special parking lots (campsites) with a different range of services are organized for such travelers:
selling food, replacing gas cylinders for the kitchen, changing toilet tanks, etc.
If a tourist trip is organized by rail, then, as a rule, the trains are made up of double compartment cars equipped with ergonomic sleeping berths, air conditioning, and toilet rooms; The trains have several dining cars. Recently, tourist excursion trains have begun to include bar cars, cars with showers, washing machines and ironing boards, gaming compartments for children, Internet compartments, etc.
When implementing retro railway tours, rolling stock is often used, the interior of which is stylized to a certain era (“Orient Express” in Europe, Asia, the USA, Australia; “Trans-European Express”, plying on the roads of Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Slovakia; “ Palace on Wheels"
in India, decorated in the style of the Maharajas; a Victorian tourist train, the route of which passes through the United States and Canada; luxury train “Blue Train”, operating several tourist routes in South Africa, etc.). For lovers of steam locomotive traction, retro tours using steam locomotives are organized, but even in this case, travelers are provided with a high level of service during the transportation process.
The most comfortable vehicles for implementing route tours are, of course, sea and river cruise ships. On them, travelers are provided not only with food and cabins for accommodation (of various categories - from “standard” to “luxury” cabins with a balcony, sauna, mini-pool, etc.), but also with various facilities for leisure activities - libraries, cinemas, fitness clubs, bars, gyms, ice skating rinks, swimming pools, etc.
Currently, some of the largest sea cruise ships are “Voyager of Seas” and “Freedom of the Seas” of Royal Caribbean International, “Queen Mary II” of Cunard Line, “Costa Luminosa” of Costa Cruises, etc. They are capable of receiving on board from 2,200 to 3,500 tourists at a time (not counting crew members).
Sea cruises can be carried out not only on cruise ships, but also on ferries, icebreakers and sailing ships. For example, ships of the ferry companies “Silja Line”, “Viking Line”, “Baltic Line” ply on the Baltic Sea, which serve five main directions - Helsinki - Stockholm, Helsinki - Tallinn, Helsinki - Travemünde, Helsinki - St. Petersburg, Turku - Stockholm. The ferries have cinemas, bars, discos, restaurants, comfortable cabins, boutiques, and duty-free shops.
So far, the only tourist icebreaker in the world is the Finnish Sampo. From December to the end of April, it offers the Arctic Ice Adventure tour, which can be used by individual, group and corporate clients. This trip includes dog sled rides, snowmobiles, helicopters, and a stop at a special tourist camp. During the summer, the icebreaker operates as a restaurant and is also used for conferences.
Russian ships also take part in ice cruises. In particular, the Russian icebreaker Kapitan Khlebnikov sailed to Antarctica and the North Pole for several years. Despite the fact that the icebreaker was not originally intended for tourist transportation, after the reconstruction, all amenities for 70 passengers were created on it. In addition, there were two helicopters on board, which allowed tourists to land on the ice and visit polar attractions, sites of famous travelers and penguin colonies. Since the icebreaker did not have the usual casinos and discos for sea cruises, during the crossings passengers were offered to listen to various lectures.
Cruises on sailing ships are common in the Caribbean, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Far East. One of the most well-known companies offering such trips is Star Clipper, which operates the luxury sailing ships Royal Clipper and Star Clipper and Star Flyer.
River cruise ships are inferior in size and range of possible entertainment to sea cruise ships, but the living conditions on them (especially on foreign ones) are also of a high standard.
In addition, as you know, river cruises are more informative.
Among the new directions of route tours, which are based on the use of vehicles, we can name air tours and combined tours.
Of course, it is not advisable to specifically develop air tours, since they are not only expensive, but also tiring. Nevertheless, thanks to some carriers who began to include elements of excursion activities for their passengers in the process of long flights, such trips have actually turned into air tours. For example, when flying from Russia to Australia, the Japanese airline JAL, upon landing in Tokyo, offers passengers a mini-tour of the Japanese capital; In this case, tourists are issued a 72-hour transit visa. Vietnam Airline also has a similar flight option to Australia - during a long layover in Hanoi, tourists are offered hotel accommodation, meals and two sightseeing excursions. The Dutch company KLM includes an overnight stop and excursion in Amsterdam on its long flights.
It should be noted that in the foreseeable future, travel based on the use of aircraft will become full-fledged route tours. This is due to the fairly rapid development of space tourism. In particular, the aerospace company XCOR Aerospace is currently actively developing and building suborbital ships for space tourists.
Combined route tours combine the use of several vehicles - “train plus bus”, “bus plus ferry”, “plane plus rented car”, “icebreaker plus helicopter” . Essentially, with this option, one of the vehicles is used mainly to deliver tourists to the destination, and the other provides movement along a set route within it. Typically, consuming multiple transportation services on a trip makes it more expensive, but at the same time more varied, exciting, and sometimes more comfortable.
Some unique route tours also include animal travel. Horses, sled dogs, deer, mules, elephants, etc. can be used for this.
Horseback riding tourism is the most popular. In addition to the fact that horseback riding is accessible to people of all ages, it has a healing effect on the human psyche (scientists have long proven that communication with animals is a good stress reliever). In Russia, for example, horseback riding routes operate in Bashkiria, the Southern Urals, Karachay-Cherkessia, Chuvashia, Kemerovo region, Krasnoyarsk region and other areas.
Travel with dogs is organized in Kamchatka and the Far North.
Means of transportation as an element of program tourism.
It is known that the basis of program tourism is a comprehensive service for tourists, which allows them to take into account their interests in accordance with the purpose of travel, the composition of the tourist group, age, social class of tourists, etc. There is a fairly wide variety of service programs that are implemented in resorts and health resorts. , educational, business, sports, environmental, entertainment, family and other types of tourism. In this case, vehicles can become an important element in a particular maintenance program.
For example, in sports and sports-educational tourism, vehicles such as bicycles (cycle tourism), boats and rafts (rafting - mountain river rafting), hang gliders (hang gliding), yachts (yachting), sailboats, ice boats, as well as auxiliary means of transportation: alpine skiing, water skiing, sleds, snowboards, etc. Some travel agencies specializing in luxury holidays and incentive tours, together with the AGS team (France), even offer their clients internships on Formula 1 cars (the cars are piloted , in particular in the Var department).
For example, the rapidly developing “jeeping” is of an adventurous nature. It involves driving off-road vehicles over difficult rough terrain, often overcoming water, mountain, sand and other obstacles. Currently, jeep tours are offered not only in foreign countries with suitable natural conditions, but also in Russia (Altai, Baikal, Kamchatka, Krasnodar Territory, Karelia).
Vehicles are an object of attraction for tourists to participate in entertainment events, as well as on business tours.
Among the spectacular tours are trips of tourists to air show venues, as well as to motorcycle and auto racing, regattas with the participation of sailing ships, rowing and motor vessels.
Well-known air shows (for example, in Le Bourget, Hamburg, Zhukovsky) and car shows (in New York, London, Brussels) contribute to the development of business trips and incentive tours, bringing significant income to the tourism industry.
Vehicles as an element of entertainment. In places of mass recreation for tourists, services are often used for their entertainment, which are based on the use of various vehicles, as well as other additional means of transportation. The latter in this case play the role of the main attraction.
Thus, in popular seaside resorts of the Mediterranean, Red and other seas, submarines with transparent walls, boats with a transparent bottom and bathyscaphes are used to view the underwater world.
For active leisure, vacationers are offered water skis and jet skis, scooters, catamarans, surfboards, ATVs, rollerblades, etc.
In the United Arab Emirates, skis of a special design are used for recreational purposes, which allow them to slide down high sandy mountains.
In national and recreational parks, visitors have fun on attractions such as roller coasters, Ferris wheels, swings, carousels, balloons, etc.
One of the new extreme forms of entertainment is zorbing. It represents the movement of a person inside a ball made of durable synthetic material (polyvinyl chloride) on any surface. There are four types of zorbing: hill zorbing (rolling down from hills); aquatic (movement along the water surface); hydrozorbing (riding in a zorb filled with water); snowy (zorb riding from snowy hills).
You can ride in a zorb in winter and summer, both on natural inclined surfaces and on special structures (ramps) built indoors.
Transport service as part of the rental business used in tourism. “Rental” means the delivery by the lessor of movable property for various purposes for temporary use to the lessee for a certain fee. In tourism, in addition to rental equipment for organizing hikes, scuba diving, skiing, luge sports, and rafting, rental of additional vehicles (bicycles, skis, sleds, snowboards) and motorized vehicles (motorcycles, yachts, cars, etc.) is widely used. At the same time, car rental, due to high demand, has been separated into an independent industry called Rent-a-car. Tourists usually book cars for transfers or for independent travel around the destination. Typically, large car rental companies offer customers cars of different classes and capacities - from prestigious Mercedes and Cadillac to SUVs and minivans.
Urban public transport as a service to serve tourists. Often, urban public transport serves tourists to move independently within visited locations for various purposes: business, entertainment, educational, shopping, etc. In this case, tourists can In many megacities, the metropolis plays a significant role in the urban transport system i t e n u.
In a number of cities, tourists are invited to use monorails and roads for travel. The monorail is most developed in Japan, where it has 102 km of roads in eight cities. The longest monorail system is in Osaka (its length is 23.8 km). In Europe, besides Moscow, there are monorails in two German cities (Dortmund and Wuppertal).
Monorail transport is present in the transport infrastructure of some cities in the USA, Canada, Australia, China, and Malaysia.
In some cases, urban vehicles can also act as a source of power supply. For example, in Helsinki (Finland), the tourist tram-pub SparaKOFF runs around the city from May to August. The tram is staffed by a driver and a waitress who serves about 30 seats and serves beer, cider and soft drinks to passengers.
In Melbourne (Australia) you can take a ride and have lunch at the tram restaurant, where they serve specialties - kangaroo fillet in lemon juice, chicken breast with roasted macadamia nuts, Tasmanian ocean trout with ginger sauce. True, the food is prepared in advance; on the tram it is heated immediately before serving. In total, three such trams run along the route, each with 36 seats; The route takes about two hours.
You can also dine on a tram in Zurich (Switzerland), where there is a fondue tram for tourists and locals, and in Moscow (Russia) in the tram-tavern “Annushka”.
In addition, in Moscow you can ride along the Garden Ring on the “Blue Trolleybus,” which every Saturday turns from a regular service to a “singing” one. This is a musical excursion route, which is mainly associated with the songs of Bulat Okudzhava. Musicians perform songs on the trolleybus. The trolleybus passes places associated with the life and work of famous bards - B. Okudzhava, Y. Adelung, N. Matveeva, V. Luferov, V. Egorov, G. Shpalikov, Y. Vizbor, A. Yakusheva, M. Ancharov.
Auxiliary vehicles. The auxiliary vehicles used by tourists include technical devices to facilitate their ascent in mountainous areas, hilly areas, as well as to a certain height in buildings and structures.
Such devices, first of all, include funiculars, which are a rail track with a cable traction for moving passengers (and cargo) in cars along a steep rise over a short distance. The first funiculars appeared in Italy (in Genoa) and in Austria (in Sommering) in the middle of the 19th century. Currently, they can be seen in Budapest, Prague, Kyiv, Yerevan, Tbilisi, Sochi, Vladivostok and other cities.
At ski resorts, special air and ground lifts are used to lift skiers and snowboarders, designed to deliver vacationers to the starting point of the descent.
On aerial lifts, people are lifted in chairs or cabins permanently attached to a cable, lifted off the ground. At the same time, boarding and disembarking on chairlifts is carried out without stopping the movement of the chairs.
Gondola lifts are most often of the pendulum type.
In them, two cabins are constantly suspended on the forward and reverse branches of the cable, which, when moving along the main supporting cable, move towards each other. Approaching the berthing platform, the cabins slow down and stop to disembark and embark passengers.
Ground lifts lift people without leaving the ground. In this case, the skier moves on a rope, which is attached to a cable.
When serving passengers at airports, bus and railway stations, and subways, continuous auxiliary vehicles are used - escalators and travolators (“moving sidewalks”). The latter are both inclined and horizontal. Large shopping centers are often equipped with inclined ones - they connect store floors to each other, as well as to underground parking lots and bus terminals.
Horizontal travelators serve as connecting galleries between terminals at airports and are used in transitions between buildings in large exhibition complexes.
For vertical movement, types of vehicles such as lifts and lifts are used. They are installed in multi-storey hotels, on multi-deck sea liners, and they are equipped with observation decks. Recently, panoramic elevators have become widespread. They do not have their own shafts; from their cabin, passengers can view the external space. The transparency of the elevator walls relieves some people of the feeling of discomfort when being in a confined space, turning a trip in it from a functional necessity into a kind of attraction. In addition, panoramic elevators add a stylish element to the decoration of the building, which increases the attractiveness of the public spaces of hotels, restaurants, and entertainment centers.
Auxiliary transport also includes other technical devices used in confined spaces:
telescopic ladders for connecting an aircraft with the terminal building, an inflatable aircraft ladder for the quick evacuation of passengers and crew members from an aircraft in extreme situations, passenger lifts for people with limited mobility.
In hotel enterprises, for the convenience and ease of work of staff, cleaning trolleys for cleaning rooms, trolleys for linen, mobile hangers for transporting clothes and luggage, mobile tables with folding tabletops for room service are used.
Components of the transport infrastructure of a destination.
In tourism, many objects of transport infrastructure fulfill not only their immediate functional purpose, but can be of genuine interest to travelers from the point of view of history, architecture and technical progress, and aesthetic perception. In this regard, the programs of many route tours include showing bridges, tunnels, highways, canals and locks , and city excursions - visits to metro stations, inspection of non-traditional transport new systems (for example, monorails, funiculars, etc.).
From the point of view of tourist interest, railway tours have great potential, since many station buildings were built in the last and even the century before last and are therefore of interest as architectural structures.
For example, at the Slyudyanka station of the Circum-Baikal Railway, a unique railway station building, built of white marble, has been preserved. And the Circular Baikal Railroad itself is a tourist attraction, since its 89-kilometer section contains 424 engineering structures, part from which they were built almost by hand. Among them are 39 tunnels dug into the rocky shores of Lake Baikal, 50 landslide galleries, a 14 km long retaining wall - all of them are monuments to the labor exploits of Russian engineers and builders.
Currently, in many regions of Russia there is a reconstruction of station complexes that are of historical interest to travelers. These include, in particular, the buildings of the reconstructed stations “Kozlova Zaseka” (Yasnaya Polyana), “Borodino” (near Borodino Field), “Divovo” (near the village of Konstantinovo - the birthplace of S. Yesenin).
Among the numerous foreign objects, one can name the Flåm S RAILWAY in Norway. This road, only 20 km long, is known throughout the world as it represents a very unusual section of railway communication.
It starts from the fjord, then follows along the bottom of the valley, crosses the river three times, rises into the mountains to a height of 900 m, passing through a winding tunnel in the mountains. At the same time, the angle of the track is from 30 to 55°, and the minimum turning radius is 130 m. The road is very popular not only among Norwegians, but also among foreign tourists. During peak season, 9-10 trains run along it daily.
Children's railways, which are maintained by pupils of special professional railway institutions, can also be considered an object of tourism. Such institutions exist in many divisions of Russian Railways - on Gorky, Oktyabrskaya, East Siberian and other railways. There are children's railways in the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, as well as in “far abroad” countries - in Hungary, Slovakia, Germany, China, Cuba.
Of no less interest are various museums and transport. For example, there are railway museums in the UK (one of which features Stephenson's first steam locomotive), Sweden and the USA. In Russia, such museums exist in St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov, Novosibirsk, and Moscow. Their exhibitions feature carriages and locomotives that were in use in different years of the last century. In addition, some railway equipment, in agreement with the management of museums, can be used by travel companies when organizing retro tours.
In addition to railway museums, there are museums of marine technology in Latvia, Denmark, the USA, Poland, and Switzerland. The Museum of the Maritime Fleet is widely known in St. Petersburg; the cruiser Aurora is also on display. In Moscow, at the Khimki Reservoir, excursions to a submarine delivered from the Baltic Fleet base are organized. Such unusual water vehicles as an ekranoplan and an amphibian are also presented here.
In the cities of a number of countries there are aviation museums, where models or natural exhibits of aviation technology are exhibited from the moment of its inception to the present day, as well as museums of the metro, trams, etc.
As a rule, exhibitions presented in transport museums are used to implement professional, school and educational tours.
Vehicles as means of accommodation. Vehicles are actively used in tourism activities as accommodation facilities. At the same time, they can be divided into non-stationary ones, offering overnight accommodation and meals during transportation (for example, trains, sea and river cruise ships, aircraft), and stationary ones - standing in one place for a long time and used as hotels - these are boats, flotels, rotels and flightels.
Initially, boats (from the English boat-hotel) were built on the shores of ice-free reservoirs for tourists traveling on water on boats, cutters, yachts, etc. They were equipped with devices for the maintenance of personal tourist vessels, and storage facilities for small water vehicles. Recently, end-of-life river or sea vessels, motor ships, barges, reconstructed as hotels and moored to the shore (most often in large cities) have begun to be used as boats. Since old ships are repurposed as boats, the class of such hotels on the water rarely exceeds three stars.
This is due, first of all, to the cramped cabins, which do not always make it possible to expand the room space to the required size in higher-class hotels. Nevertheless, boats are popular not only among tourists making inexpensive tours, but also among wealthy clients; They are often rented for corporate events.
Botels can be found in the cities of Holland, Germany, France, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic and even Ukraine and Russia. The most famous of them are the Amstel Botel in Amsterdam, Admiral Botel in Prague, Grace in Bratislava, Aquamarine in Budapest, Galleon in Kiev, Onego in Petrozavodsk. Botels began to appear in Asian countries. Thus, in Dubai (UAE), one of the legendary cruise ships “Queen Mary” recently anchored, which continues its “life” as a stationary accommodation facility.
In Thailand, on the small island of Koh Samui, the “Imperial Boat House” was opened, which is a luxurious bungalow built on thirty former barges for transporting rice.
Flotels (from the English house-board - floating house) are floating hotels into which comfortable passenger ships are turned, constantly (or in the winter when navigation is closed) moored to the pier in large cities. Here tourists are offered a wide range of services for active recreation: swimming pools, gyms and gyms, video rooms, discos, water skiing, fishing and scuba diving equipment and much more. Flotels are often used to organize business and congress tours, as well as educational tours.
Rotels (from the English roll - roll and hotel - hotel) are mobile hotels with a limited range of services.
Cars with single or double compartments or tourist buses with specially equipped sleeping places can be used as a rotel. In the first case, the carriages are provided with changing rooms, a common kitchen, and a common toilet.
Rotel buses are produced mainly in Germany. They come in a variety of options: 24-seater single buses and 40-seater trailers for good roads, as well as 20-seater and 34-seater four-wheel drive SUVs for traveling to exotic destinations. Up to the middle of the body, rotels are practically no different from serial buses (they have passenger compartments with seats). The second half of the body is a superstructure, which no longer contains seats, but sleeping places arranged in three tiers. Guests lie in isolated single or double capsules, which have comfortable beds, a powerful heating and ventilation system, as well as their own windows. During the day, tourists sit in the passenger compartment, and at night in the parking lot they move to the sleeping compartment. The advantages of rotel buses are the absence of dangerous night journeys, the presence of their own kitchen, and a flexible travel schedule.
Aircraft are used as fliers. Most often these are aircraft that have reached the end of their service life. For example, at the Swedish Arlanda airport there is a decommissioned Boeing 747 aircraft turned into a winged hotel. It has 25 rooms that can accommodate up to 85 guests. On the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica, an old Boeing 727, converted into a suite, sits 15 meters above the ground on a sturdy platform.
It has only two bedrooms, two bathrooms, a living room, a small kitchen and a dining room. A terrace has been built above the left wing, from where you can admire the ocean.
In New Zealand, there is a country-style hotel park that offers almost every type of vehicle-based hotel. Accommodation options include the Train Motel (a reconstructed 1950s train), the Plane Motel (a 1950s airplane.
Bristol), "Waitanic" (offshore patrol vessel of the Second World War). Almost all rooms in the presented hotels are comfortable, they have a shower, toilet, TV, microwave, refrigerator. The park has a barbecue, bar, parking, and laundry.
From all of the above it is clear that vehicles are quite widely used in tourism and play a diverse role in the implementation of travel.
CONTROL QUESTIONS 1. Give examples of using vehicles for transfer.
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« This report reflects the consensus views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or official policies of the World Organization health WHO technical report series 836 WHO EXPERT COMMITTEE ON DRUG DEPENDENCE Twenty-eighth report Published by Medicine Publishing House on behalf of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, to which WHO entrusted the publication of this publication in Russian World Health Organization Geneva.lag.og...”
« The work program of the professional module was developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard for the specialty of secondary vocational education (hereinafter referred to as SPO) 060101 General medicine. Developer organization: State budgetary educational institution of secondary vocational education Kemerovo Regional Medical College (GBOU SPO Kemerovo Regional Medical College) Developer: Antonova O.V. - methodologist, teacher of higher education..."
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" No. 2067 On approval of state document forms on academic degrees and academic titles of professor in a specialty and associate professor in a specialty and technical requirements for them: Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated July 25, 2012 No. 556 / Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of normative acts of the federal executive authority . - 2012. - N 50. - P. 103. Additional sources...”
