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Meaning of the word wormhole
wormhole in the crossword dictionary
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
worm-hole
wormholes, w.
A hole made by worms in something. Wormhole in a tree.
only units Damage, destruction of something. worms, wormboy (special). There is a wormhole in the apples.
portable, units only A flaw, something that promises death or damage. There was some kind of wormhole in his soul.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
worm-hole
A flaw, a hole made in something. worms, certain insects, larvae. Apple with a wormhole. Ch. in the tree.
trans. Depravity, internal tendency towards vice. Man with a wormhole.
skills wormhole, -i, f. (I adj. wormy, -aya, oh.
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
worm-hole
Damage, destruction of something. worms (1*1).
What is eaten away is spoiled by worms.
Hole made by worms (1*1).
trans. That which promises death, damage; flaw.
Examples of the use of the word wormhole in literature.
And there, above the top of the oak tree, drowned in gunpowder smoke, above the all-round viewing platform of the dazzling cosmos of the world, a fiery arrow stretched into the sky, riddled wormhole soot.
With a look of concentration, as if this was the most interesting and important matter, he helped the teacher soak the board with a poisonous solution to protect against wormholes- vodka with arsenic disulphide and sublimate.
I didn't buy anything with the money I wasted Wormholes Ink stained the foreheads of the steps The nickels laughed Over the broken rose Wax fools Drank the tuberculous light I wandered like a stain Through the fields of cheerful everyday life Bone dominoes Dwelled in humpbacked tubers In the jelly of twisted water Teared the tight threads Like a barrier from divination And the absurdity of intercourse And mustachioed like a centaur The day galloped after me next, taking bad advice out of Night's mouth, now stretching out a thread, now poisoned meat, but I wanted to experience the climax of the story, where the heroic mug kills the scoundrels, and evil rushes with caution, his bare ass sparkling 10.
On both sides of the freeway worm-hole was already climbing the embankment, bending the silhouettes of trees and elevator towers with its flickering.
In addition to this, Esten now owned the forest in which Pliny's nightmare was mentioned, and several picturesque rocks, the belly of which was filled with a tangled tangle of wormholes abandoned adits.
In the corner of the altarpiece he discovered a corroded wormhole a door that opened relatively easily.
He didn't want to drive him, Deerskin, and Bathleaf into the canyon where they would be trapped between wormhole and fire.
It seemed like a pitiful, decrepit, abandoned mastodon, covered with dirt, growths, mold and sores, staggering, covered in wormhole, abandoned, condemned, looking like a huge beggar who vainly begged like alms for a friendly look at the crossroads, took pity on another beggar - on a pathetic pygmy who walked without shoes, had no roof over his head, warmed his hands with his breath, was dressed in rags , ate garbage.
Repeat why you cannot install a radio transmitter near wormhole and send signals through it?
A real critic would have noticed in time wormhole, would point out the difference in the mentality of an American, who has never had high goals, and a Russian, in whom the concepts of the High have been brought up for centuries.
Their precious fruits are always in juice, do not wither or rot, They are all of the same size and lack wormholes, Fresh, juicy, abundant, and truly eternal.
In science fiction wormholes, or wormholes, are a method often used to travel very long distances in space. Could these magical bridges really exist?
As enthusiastic as I am about humanity's future in space, there is one glaring problem. We are soft meat sacs, consisting mainly of water, and those others are so far from us. Even with the most optimistic spaceflight technologies, we can imagine that we will never reach another star in a time equal to the duration of a human life.
Reality tells us that even the stars closest to us are incomprehensibly distant, and it would take an enormous amount of energy or time to make the journey. Reality tells us that we need a spaceship that can somehow fly for hundreds or thousands of years while astronauts are born on it, generation after generation, live their lives and die on the flight to another star.
Science fiction, on the other hand, leads us to methods for building improved engines. Fire up the warp drive and watch the stars flash past, making the journey to Alpha Centauri as fast and enjoyable as cruising on a ship somewhere at sea.
Still from the movie "Interstellar".
Do you know what's even simpler? Worm-hole; a magical tunnel connecting two points of space and time. Just set your destination, wait for the stargate to stabilize and just fly... fly halfway across the galaxy to your destination.
Yes, it's really cool! Someone should have invented these wormholes, ushering in a brave new future of intergalactic travel. What are wormholes, and how soon can I use them? You ask...
A wormhole, also known as an Einstein-Rosen bridge, is a theoretical method of folding space and time so that you can connect two points in space together. Then you could instantly move from one place to another.
We'll use the classic demo from , where you draw a line between two points on a piece of paper, and then fold the paper and insert a pencil into those two points to shorten the path. This works great on paper, but is it real physics?
Albert Einstein, captured in a 1953 photograph. Photographer: Ruth Orkin.
As Einstein taught us, gravity is not a force that attracts matter like magnetism, it is actually the curvature of space-time. The Moon thinks it is simply following a straight line through space, but in reality it is following a curved path created by the Earth's gravity.
And so, according to physicists Einstein and Nathan Rosen, you could spin a ball of spacetime so dense that two points would be in the same physical location. If you could keep the wormhole stable, you could safely separate the two regions of spacetime so that they were still in the same location, but separated by the distance you liked.
We go down the gravity well on one side of the wormhole, and then appear with lightning speed in another place at a distance of millions and billions of light years. While creating wormholes is theoretically possible, they are practically impossible from what we currently understand.
The first big problem is that wormholes are impassable, according to the General Theory of Relativity. So keep this in mind, the physics that predicts these things prohibits their use as a method of transportation. Which is a pretty serious blow to them.
Artistic illustration of a spaceship moving through a wormhole into a distant galaxy. Credit: NASA
Secondly, even if a wormhole could be created, it would most likely be unstable, closing instantly after creation. If you tried to go to one end of it, you might just fall through.
Third, if they are traversable and it is possible to keep them stable, once any matter tries to pass through them - even photons of light - it would collapse the wormhole.
There is a glimmer of hope, as physicists still haven't figured out how to combine the theories of gravity and quantum mechanics. This means that the Universe itself may know something about wormholes that we do not yet understand. It is possible that they were created naturally as part of when the spacetime of the entire universe was pulled into a singularity.
Astronomers have proposed looking for wormholes in space by looking at how their gravity distorts the light of the stars behind them. None have shown up yet. One possibility is that wormholes look naturally like the virtual particles we know exist. Only they would be incomprehensibly small, on a Planck scale. You will need a smaller spaceship.
One of the most interesting implications of wormholes is that they could also allow you to travel through time. Here's how it works. First, create a wormhole in the laboratory. Then take one end of it, put a spaceship in it and fly at a significant fraction of the speed of light, so that the effect of time dilation takes effect.
For the people on the spaceship, only a few years will pass, while hundreds or even thousands of generations of people will pass on Earth. Assuming you could keep the wormhole stable, open, and traversable, then traveling through it would be very interesting.
If you walked in one direction, you would not only travel the distance between the wormholes, but you would also move forward in time, and on the way back: back in time.
Some physicists such as Leonard Susskind believe that this would not work because it would violate two fundamental principles of physics: the law of conservation of energy and the Heisenberg energy-time uncertainty principle.
Unfortunately, it seems that wormholes will have to remain in the realm of science fiction for the foreseeable future, perhaps forever. Even if it were possible to create a wormhole, you would need to keep it stable, open, and then figure out how to allow matter to pass into it without collapsing. Still, if you could figure this out, you would make space travel very convenient.
Title of the article you read "What are wormholes or wormholes?".
A wormhole is a theoretical passage through space-time that could significantly shorten long journeys throughout the universe by creating shortcuts between destinations. The existence of wormholes is predicted by the theory of relativity. But along with convenience, they can also carry extreme dangers: the danger of sudden collapse, high radiation and dangerous contacts with exotic matter.
The theory of wormholes, or “wormholes”
In 1935, physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen used the theory of relativity to propose the existence of “bridges” in space-time. These paths, called Einstein-Rosen bridges or wormholes, connect two different points in space-time, theoretically creating shortest corridors that reduce travel distance and time.
Wormholes have two mouths connected by a common neck. The mouths most likely have a spherical shape. The neck can be a straight section, but it can also curl, becoming longer the longer the regular route.
Einstein's general theory of relativity mathematically predicts the existence of wormholes, but none have been discovered to date. A negative mass wormhole can be tracked due to the effect of its gravity on light passing by.
Some solutions of the general theory of relativity allow the existence of “wormholes”, each entrance (mouth) of which is a black hole. However, natural black holes formed by the collapse of a dying star do not themselves create a wormhole.
Through the wormhole
Science fiction is replete with stories of travel through wormholes. But in reality, such travel is much more complex, and not only because we must first discover such a wormhole.
The first problem is size. Relic wormholes are believed to exist at a microscopic level, about 10 -33 centimeters in diameter. However, as the Universe expands, it is possible that some of them grew to large sizes.
Another problem arises from stability. More precisely, due to its absence. The wormholes Einstein-Rosen predicted would be useless for travel because they collapse too quickly. But more recent research has shown that wormholes containing "exotic matter" can remain open and unchanged for longer periods of time.
Exotic matter, which should not be confused with dark matter or antimatter, has negative density and enormous negative pressure. Such matter can only be detected in the behavior of certain vacuum states within the framework of quantum field theory.
If wormholes contain enough exotic matter, either naturally occurring or added artificially, then they could theoretically be used as a way to transmit information or a corridor through space.
Not only can wormholes connect two different ends of the same universe, they could also connect two different universes. Also, some scientists have suggested that if one wormhole entrance moved in a certain way, it could be useful for time travel . However, their opponents, such as British cosmologist Stephen Hawking, argue that such use is not possible.
While adding exotic matter to a wormhole may stabilize it to the point that human species can safely travel through it, there is still the possibility that adding "regular" matter will be enough to destabilize the portal.
Current technology is not enough to enlarge or stabilize wormholes, even if they are found in the near future. However, scientists continue to explore this concept as a method of space travel with the hope that the technology will eventually emerge and they will eventually be able to use wormholes.
Based on materials from Space.com
- Time Travel Using Wormholes The concept of a time machine, which is used in many science fiction works, usually conjures up images of an implausible device. But according to the general theory...
- Can we be sure that time travelers won't change our past? Usually, we take it for granted that our past is an established and unchangeable fact. History is as we remember it....
Mole Hole. What is a "Molehole"?
The hypothetical "Wormhole", which is also called a "wormhole" or "wormhole" (literal translation of Wormhole), is a kind of space-time tunnel that allows an object to move from point a to point b in the universe not in a straight line, but by bending around space. To put it simply, take any piece of paper, fold it in half and pierce it, the resulting hole will be that same wormhole
So there is a theory that space in the universe can be conditionally the same sheet of paper, attention, only adjusted for the third dimension. Various scientists hypothesize that thanks to Wormholes, travel in space and time is possible. But at the same time, no one knows exactly what dangers wormholes can pose and what might actually be on the other side of them.
The theory of wormholes.
In 1935, physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen, using the general theory of relativity, suggested that there are special “Bridges” across space and time in the universe. These paths, called Einstein-Rosen bridges (or wormholes), connect two completely different points in spacetime by theoretically creating a curvature in space that shortens the journey from one point to another.
Again, hypothetically, any wormhole consists of two entrances and a neck (that is, that same tunnel. In this case, most likely, the entrances to a wormhole have a spheroidal shape, and the neck can represent either a straight segment of space or a spiral one.
Journey through a wormhole.
The first problem that stands in the way of the possibility of such travel is the size of the wormholes. It is believed that the very first wormholes were very small, about 10-33 centimeters, but due to the expansion of the universe, it became possible that the wormholes themselves expanded and grew along with it. Another problem with wormholes is their stability. Or rather, instability.
Explained by the Einstein-Rosen theory, wormholes would be useless for space-time travel because they collapse very quickly. But more recent research into these issues suggests the presence of "Exotic Matter" that allows the wormholes to maintain their structure for a longer period of time.
Yet theoretical science believes that if wormholes contain enough of this exotic energy, which either appears naturally or appears artificially, then it will be possible to transmit information or even objects through space-time.
The same hypotheses suggest that wormholes can connect not only two points within one universe, but also be an entrance to others. Some scientists believe that if you move one entrance of the wormhole in a certain way, time travel will be possible. But, for example, the famous British cosmologist Stephen Hawking believes that such use of wormholes is impossible.
However, some scientific minds insist that if stabilization of wormholes by exotic matter is truly possible, then it will be possible for people to travel safely through such wormholes. And due to “Ordinary” matter, if desired and necessary, such portals can be destabilized back.
According to the theory of relativity, nothing can travel faster than light. This means that nothing can get out of this gravitational field once it gets into it. A region of space from which there is no exit is called a black hole. Its boundary is determined by the trajectory of the light rays that were the first to lose the opportunity to escape. It's called the event horizon of a black hole. Example: looking out of the window, we do not see what is beyond the horizon, and a conventional observer cannot understand what is happening inside the boundaries of an invisible dead star.
Physicists have found signs of the existence of another Universe
More details
There are five types of black holes, but we are interested in the stellar-mass black hole. Such objects are formed at the final stage of the life of a celestial body. In general, the death of a star can result in the following things:
1. It will turn into a very dense extinct star, consisting of a number of chemical elements - it is a white dwarf;
2. A neutron star - has the approximate mass of the Sun and a radius of about 10-20 kilometers, inside it consists of neutrons and other particles, and outside it is enclosed in a thin but hard shell;
3. Into a black hole, the gravitational attraction of which is so strong that it can suck in objects flying at the speed of light.
When a supernova occurs, that is, the “rebirth” of a star, a black hole is formed, which can only be detected due to the radiation emitted. It is she who is capable of generating a wormhole.
If you imagine a black hole as a funnel, then an object falling into it loses its event horizon and falls inside. So where is the wormhole? It is located in exactly the same funnel, attached to the black hole tunnel, where the exits face outward. Scientists believe that the other end of the wormhole is connected to a white hole (the opposite of a black hole, into which nothing can fall).
Mole Hole. Schwarzschild and Reisner-Nordström black holes
A Schwarzschild black hole can be considered an impenetrable wormhole. As for the Reisner-Nordström black hole, its structure is somewhat more complicated, but it is also impenetrable. However, inventing and describing four-dimensional wormholes in space that could be traversed is not that difficult. You just need to select the required type of metric. A metric tensor, or metric, is a set of quantities, using which one can calculate the four-dimensional intervals that exist between event points. This set of quantities also fully characterizes the gravitational field and the geometry of space-time. Geometrically traversable wormholes in space are even simpler than black holes. They do not have horizons that lead to cataclysms with the passage of time. At different points, time can move at different rates, but it should not stop or speed up endlessly.
Pulsars: The Beacon Factor
A pulsar is essentially a rapidly rotating neutron star. A neutron star is the highly compacted core of a dead star left over from a supernova explosion. This neutron star has a powerful magnetic field. This magnetic field is about one trillion times stronger than the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetic field causes the neutron star to emit strong radio waves and radioactive particles from its north and south poles. These particles can include various radiations, including visible light.
Pulsars that emit powerful gamma rays are known as gamma ray pulsars. If a neutron star has its pole facing the Earth, then we can see radio waves every time one of the poles comes into our view. This effect is very similar to the lighthouse effect. To a stationary observer, it seems that the light of the rotating beacon is constantly blinking, then disappearing, then appearing again. In the same way, a pulsar appears to us to blink as it rotates its poles relative to the Earth. Different pulsars emit pulses at different speeds, depending on the size and mass of the neutron star. Sometimes a pulsar may have a satellite. In some cases, it can attract its companion, which causes it to spin even faster. The fastest pulsars can emit more than a hundred pulses per second.
A hypothetical “wormhole,” which is also called a “wormhole” or “wormhole” (literal translation of wormhole), is a kind of space-time tunnel that allows an object to move from point A to point B in the Universe not in a straight line, but by bending around space. To put it simply, take any piece of paper, fold it in half and pierce it, the resulting hole will be that same wormhole. So there is a theory that space in the Universe can be conditionally the same sheet of paper, only adjusted for the third dimension. Various scientists hypothesize that travel in space-time is possible thanks to wormholes. But at the same time, no one knows exactly what dangers wormholes can pose and what might actually be on the other side of them.
Wormhole theory
In 1935, physicists Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen, using the general theory of relativity, suggested that special “bridges” across space-time exist in the Universe. These paths, called Einstein-Rosen bridges (or wormholes), connect two completely different points in space-time by theoretically creating a curvature in space that shortens the journey from one point to another.
Again, hypothetically, any wormhole consists of two entrances and a neck (that is, that same tunnel). In this case, most likely, the entrances to the wormhole are spheroidal in shape, and the neck can represent either a straight segment of space or a spiral one.
The general theory of relativity mathematically proves the possibility of the existence of wormholes, but so far none of them have been discovered by humans. The difficulty in detecting it is that the supposed huge mass of wormholes and gravitational effects simply absorb the light and prevent it from being reflected.
Several hypotheses based on the general theory of relativity suggest the existence of wormholes, where the roles of entry and exit are played by black holes. But it is worth considering that the appearance of black holes themselves, formed from the explosion of dying stars, in no way creates a wormhole.
Journey through a wormhole
It's not uncommon in science fiction for the main characters to travel through wormholes. But in reality, such a journey is far from being as simple as it is shown in films and told in science fiction literature.
The first problem that stands in the way of the possibility of such travel is the size of the wormholes. It is believed that the very first wormholes were very small, about 10-33 centimeters, but due to the expansion of the Universe, it became possible that the wormholes themselves expanded and grew along with it. Another problem with wormholes is their stability. Or rather, instability.
Wormholes explained by the Einstein-Rosen theory would be useless for space-time travel because they collapse (close) very quickly. But more recent research into these questions suggests the presence of "exotic matter" that allows burrows to maintain their structure for longer periods of time.
This exotic matter, which should not be confused with black matter and antimatter, is composed of negative density energy and colossal negative pressure. Mention of such matter is present only in some theories of vacuum within the framework of quantum field theory.
Yet theoretical science believes that if wormholes contained enough of this exotic energy, either naturally occurring or created artificially, it would be possible to transmit information or even objects across space-time.
The same hypotheses suggest that wormholes can connect not only two points within one universe, but also be an entrance to others. Some scientists believe that if you move one entrance of the wormhole in a certain way, time travel will be possible. But, for example, the famous British cosmologist Stephen Hawking believes that such use of wormholes is impossible.
However, some scientific minds insist that if stabilization of wormholes by exotic matter is truly possible, then it will be possible for people to travel safely through such wormholes. And due to “ordinary” matter, if desired and necessary, such portals can be destabilized back.
Unfortunately, today's human technology is not enough to allow wormholes to be artificially enlarged and stabilized, in case they are discovered. But scientists continue to explore concepts and methods for fast space travel, and perhaps one day science will come up with the right solution.
Video Wormhole: door to the looking glass
Science fiction fans hope that humanity will one day be able to travel to the far reaches of the universe through a wormhole.
A wormhole is a theoretical tunnel through space-time that could potentially allow faster travel between distant points in space - from one galaxy to another, for example, as seen in Christopher Nolan's film Interstellar, which was released in cinemas around the world. earlier this month.
While Einstein's theory of general relativity makes the existence of wormholes possible, such exotic travel will likely remain in the realm of science fiction, said renowned astrophysicist Kip Thorne of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, who served as an advisor and executive producer on "Interstellar." .
"The point is, we just don't know anything about them," said Thorne, who is one of the world's leading experts on relativity, black holes and wormholes. "But there are very strong indications that, according to the laws of physics, humans will not be able to travel through them."
“The main reason is due to the instability of wormholes,” he added. "The walls of wormholes collapse so quickly that nothing can get through them."
Keeping wormholes open will require the use of something anti-gravitational, namely negative energy. Negative energy was created in the laboratory using quantum effects: one region of space receives the energy of another region, which creates a deficiency.
"So it's theoretically possible," he said. "But we will never be able to get enough negative energy to keep the walls of the wormhole open."
Moreover, wormholes (if they exist at all) almost certainly cannot form naturally. That is, they must be created with the help of a developed civilization.
That's exactly what happened in Interstellar: Mysterious creatures built a wormhole near Saturn, allowing a small group of pioneers, led by former farmer Cooper (played by Matthew McConaughey), to set off in search of a new home for humanity, which exists on Earth Global crop failure threatens.
Those interested in learning more about the science in the movie "Interstellar," which explores questions of gravitational deceleration and depicts several alien planets orbiting nearby, should read Thorne's new book, which is explicitly called "The Science of Interstellar."
Where is the wormhole located? Wormholes in general relativity
(GR) allows for the existence of such tunnels, although for a traversable wormhole to exist, it is necessary that it be filled with a negative one, which creates a strong gravitational repulsion and prevents the burrow from collapsing. Solutions such as wormholes arise in various variants, although the issue is still very far from being fully explored.
The area near the narrowest part of the molehill is called the "throat". Wormholes are divided into “intra-universe” and “inter-universe”, depending on whether its entrances can be connected by a curve that does not intersect the neck.
There are also traversable and impassable molehills. The latter are those tunnels that are too fast for an observer or a signal (which has no speed higher than light) to travel from one entrance to another. A classic example of an impassable molehill is -in, and a passable one -.
A traversable intraworld wormhole provides a hypothetical possibility if, for example, one of its entrances is moving relative to another, or if it is in a strong location where the flow of time slows down. Also, wormholes can hypothetically create the opportunity for interstellar travel, and in this capacity, wormholes are often found in.
Space wormholes. Through the wormholes - to the stars?
Unfortunately, there is no talk yet about the practical use of “wormholes” to reach distant space objects. Their properties, varieties, and possible locations are still known only theoretically - although, you see, this is already quite a lot. After all, we have many examples of how theorists’ constructions that seemed purely speculative led to the emergence of new technologies that radically changed the life of mankind. Nuclear energy, computers, mobile communications, genetic engineering... and who knows what else?
In the meantime, the following is known about “wormholes” or “wormholes”. In 1935, Albert Einstein and the American-Israeli physicist Nathan Rosen suggested the existence of some kind of tunnels connecting various remote regions of space. At that time, they were not yet called “wormholes” or “wormholes,” but simply “Einstein-Rosen bridges.” Since the emergence of such bridges required a very strong curvature of space, their lifetime was very short. No one and nothing would have time to “run” across such a bridge - under the influence of gravity it would “collapse” almost immediately.
And therefore, it remained completely useless in a practical sense, although an interesting consequence of the general theory of relativity.
However, later ideas appeared that some interdimensional tunnels could exist for quite a long time - provided that they were filled with some kind of exotic matter with a negative energy density. Such matter will create gravitational repulsion instead of attraction and thereby prevent the “collapsing” of the channel. It was then that the name “wormhole” appeared. By the way, our scientists prefer the name “mole” or “wormhole”: the meaning is the same, but it sounds much more pleasant...
American physicist John Archibald Wheeler (1911-2008), developing the theory of “wormholes”, suggested that they are permeated with an electric field; Moreover, the electric charges themselves are, in fact, the necks of microscopic “wormholes”. Russian astrophysicist Academician Nikolai Semyonovich Kardashev believes that “wormholes” can reach gigantic sizes and that in the center of our Galaxy there are not massive black holes, but the mouths of such “holes.”
Of practical interest to future space travelers will be “wormholes”, which are kept in a stable state for quite a long time and are also suitable for spaceships to pass through them.
Americans Kip Thorne and Michael Morris created a theoretical model of such channels. However, their stability is ensured by “exotic matter”, about which nothing is really known and into which, perhaps, it is better not even for earthly technology to meddle.
But Russian theorists Sergei Krasnikov from the Pulkovo Observatory and Sergei Sushkov from the Kazan Federal University put forward the idea that the stability of a wormhole can be achieved without any negative energy density, but simply due to the polarization of the vacuum in the “hole” (the so-called Sushkov mechanism) .
In general, there is now a whole set of theories of “wormholes” (or, if you prefer, “wormholes”). A very general and speculative classification divides them into “passable” - stable, Morris-Thorne wormholes, and impassable - Einstein-Rosen bridges. In addition, wormholes vary in scale - from microscopic to gigantic, comparable in size to galactic “black holes”. And, finally, according to their purpose: “intra-universe”, connecting different places of the same curved Universe, and “inter-universe”, allowing one to get into another space-time continuum.
Traveling through space and time is possible not only in science fiction films and science fiction books, a little more and it can become a reality. Many well-known and respected specialists are working on the study of such phenomena as wormholes and space-time tunnels.
A wormhole, as defined by physicist Eric Davis, is a kind of cosmic tunnel, also called a throat, connecting two distant regions in the Universe or two different Universes - if other Universes exist - or two different periods of time, or different spatial dimensions. Despite the fact that their existence has not been proven, scientists are seriously considering all possible ways to use traversable wormholes, provided they exist, to cover distances at the speed of light, and even travel through time.
Before using wormholes, scientists need to find them. Today, unfortunately, no evidence of the existence of wormholes has been discovered. But if they do exist, their location may not be as difficult as it seems at first glance.
What are wormholes?
Today, there are several theories about the origin of wormholes. Mathematician Ludwig Flamm, who used Albert Einstein's equations of relativity, was the first to coin the term “wormhole,” describing the process where gravity can bend time space related to the fabric of physical reality, resulting in the formation of a space-time tunnel.
Ali Evgun, from the Eastern Mediterranean University in Cyprus, suggests that wormholes arise in areas of dense accumulation of dark matter. According to this theory, wormholes could exist in the outer regions of the Milky Way, where there is dark matter, and within other galaxies. Mathematically, he was able to prove that there were all the necessary conditions to confirm this theory.
“In the future, it will be possible to indirectly observe similar experiments, as shown in the film Interstellar,” said Ali Evgun.
Thorne and a number of other scientists concluded that even if some wormhole were to form due to the necessary factors, it would most likely collapse before any object or person passed through it. In order to keep the wormhole open long enough, a large amount of so-called “exotic matter” would be required. One form of natural “exotic matter” is dark energy, and Davis explains its action this way: “pressure below atmospheric pressure creates a gravitational-repulsive force, which in turn pushes the interior of our Universe outward, which produces the inflationary expansion of the Universe.”
Such exotic material as dark matter is five times more abundant in the Universe than ordinary matter. Until now, scientists have not been able to detect clusters of dark matter or dark energy, so many of their properties are unknown. The study of their properties occurs through the study of the space around them.
Through a wormhole through time - reality?
The idea of time travel is quite popular not only among researchers. The theory of wormholes is based on Alice's journey through the looking glass in Lewis Carroll's novel of the same name. What is a space-time tunnel? The region of space at the far end of the tunnel should stand out from the area around the entrance due to distortions similar to reflections in curved mirrors. Another sign could be the concentrated movement of light directed through the wormhole tunnel by air currents. Davis calls the phenomenon at the leading end of the wormhole the "caustic rainbow effect." Such effects can be visible from a distance. "Astronomers plan to use telescopes to hunt for these rainbow phenomena, looking for a natural or even unnaturally created, traversable wormhole," Davis said. “I’ve never heard that the project actually got off the ground.”
As part of his research into wormholes, Thorne theorized that a wormhole could be used as a time machine. Thought experiments involving time travel often run into paradoxes. Perhaps the most famous of them is the grandfather paradox: If a researcher goes back in time and kills his grandfather, then this person will not be able to be born, and therefore would never go back in time. While it may be assumed that there is no way back to time travel, Davis said Thorne's work has opened up new possibilities for scientists to explore.
Phantom Link: Wormholes and the Quantum Realm
"The entire cottage industry of theoretical physics grew out of theories that led to the development of other space-time techniques producing the described causes of time machine paradoxes," Davis said. Despite everything, the possibility of using a wormhole for time travel attracts both science fiction fans and those who want to change their past. Davis believes, based on current theories, that in order to make a time machine out of a wormhole, the flows at one or both ends of the tunnel would need to be accelerated to speeds approaching the speed of light.
"Based on this, it would be extremely difficult to build a time machine based on a wormhole," Davis said. "In comparison, it would be much easier to use wormholes for interstellar travel in space."
Other physicists have suggested that time travel through a wormhole could cause a massive build-up of energy that would destroy the tunnel before it could be used as a time machine, a process known as quantum backlash. Still, dreaming about the potential of wormholes is still fun: "Think of all the possibilities that people would have if they discovered a way to do what they could do if they could travel through time?," Davis said. "Their adventures would be very interesting, to say the least."
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