Supporting tourism infrastructure. Tourist infrastructure. Development, object, formation of tourist infrastructure. Assessment of the current state of the region’s tourism infrastructure

The "Dictionary of Business Terms" defines infrastructure as a complex of economic sectors that provide conditions for the production of goods: energy, communications, transport, education, healthcare. In the dictionary-reference book “Tourism, Hospitality, Service”, infrastructure is defined “as a complex of economic sectors that serve and create conditions for the location and operation of the main production, as well as the life of the population.” That is, infrastructure in the economic sense is understood as a certain set of auxiliary industries (industries), although necessary for the functioning of the main production, but participating in this production only indirectly. The “auxiliary” nature of the use is also confirmed etymologically: the meaning of this term in Latin is derived from infra (below, under) and structure (structure, device). In full accordance with this approach, the “Reference Dictionary” defines tourism infrastructure as “a set of auxiliary industries and institutions that organize and serve tourism industry, tourism activities generally" .

At the same time, such phrases as “social infrastructure”, “production infrastructure”, “industrial infrastructure”, “urban infrastructure”, “transport infrastructure”, etc. have become commonly used. Despite all the substantive differences in the concepts used, infrastructure is understood as a certain system of elements that allows the functioning of some holistic entity. In this sense, “market infrastructure” can be understood as a set of units of the national economy, the functioning of which is aimed at ensuring the normal functioning of the market and its development. The composition of a market economy includes various organizations and institutions (trade, banking, exchange, transport and others) that ensure the activities of various sectors of the economy.

But in the same dictionary-reference book "Tourism, Hospitality, Service" transport infrastructure is interpreted as "a network of roads and railways, as well as airports and sea (river) ports. A qualitative characteristic of transport infrastructure is the presence of modern comfortable vehicles." Here we have a different approach to the definition. Transport is a completely independent branch of the economy, and in the interpretation of the above definition, transport infrastructure is no longer considered as something outside the scope of the main production, but as internal to it, as something that, in fact, creates a transportation service.

So what characterizes the term “tourist infrastructure”: a complex of auxiliary industries that support the activities of the tourism industry, or the system of this industry itself? A general idea of ​​the composition of the tourism infrastructure can be drawn up on the basis of the definition of the tourism industry formulated in Federal Law No. 132-FZ “On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation.” "The tourism industry is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, facilities for sanatorium-resort treatment and recreation, public catering facilities, facilities and means of entertainment, educational, business, medical and recreational, physical education, sports and other purposes, organizations providing tour operator and travel agency activities, operators of tourist information systems, as well as organizations providing the services of tour guides (guides), guides-translators and instructors-guides." Based on the first approach, the tourism infrastructure must include all those enterprises and organizations whose activities are not limited only to the tourism sector. Then the tourism sector will include organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, providing the services of tour guides (guides), guides-translators and instructors-guides, as well as operators of tourism information systems, unless they specialize exclusively in tourism activities. But most of the listed organizations do not themselves provide the consumption of services necessary for tourists, and, thus, are represented in the consumption of the tourist product only indirectly.

Tourist infrastructure is understood as a complex of existing structures and networks for industrial, social and recreational purposes, intended for the functioning of the tourism sector, while considering tourism infrastructure as an integral part of the tourism industry.

Tourist infrastructure can be presented as the material basis for the production of a tourism product. The material basis of tourism in a broad sense is formed by a complex set of industries, sub-sectors and activities of material production and the socio-cultural sphere, which either directly satisfy the various needs of tourists or create the necessary conditions for this. Of all its constituent enterprises, only a relatively small part specializes in the production of goods and services intended exclusively for the personal consumption of tourists, while most of them also satisfy the needs of the local population and indirectly contribute to the growth of tourist consumption. Thus, to satisfy the diverse needs of tourists, goods and services of a large number of enterprises and industries that are not technologically interconnected are needed. Some serve mainly tourists, others serve tourists and the local population, and others ensure the functioning of the first and second. The mixed functions of these enterprises make their clear, formal organization within a single sector of the economy impossible. The list of main enterprises involved in the production of the tourism product can be presented in the following table.

Table 1 - List of enterprises contributing to the production of tourism products

The list presented is not, and cannot be, complete. But it allows us to form the idea that the concept of “tourism infrastructure” characterizes the material component of the production of a tourism product. Tourism infrastructure must be distinguished from the material and technical base of tourism. “The material and technical base of tourism is the totality of all material elements used in the field of tourism. MTB includes industrial buildings and structures, vehicles, communications, equipment and equipment, all kinds of machines, mechanisms, apparatus, devices, etc.” . In contrast to this material component of the tourism sector, tourism infrastructure characterizes its organizational and production structure.

The development of the hotel industry is directly related to the development of tourism: the era of mass tourism contributed to significant changes in the hotel infrastructure.

Features of the definition and structure of tourism potential. A necessary condition for the development of tourism is tourism potential, which can be assessed on different scales: at the level of the world, country, region, etc. Under tourism potential is understood as the entire set of natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic prerequisites for organizing tourism activities in a certain territory. Sometimes tourism potential is the relationship between the actual and maximum possible number of tourists, determined based on the availability of tourist resources, which, according to the authors, is not entirely true.

Very often, tourism potential is understood as the existence on the territory of certain unique or at least interesting objects not only for local residents. Although this is not a completely obligatory sign, but only a desirable option. The tourist potential of a territory is very variable and depends on the characteristics of the sociocultural formation within which it is located. The concept of "tourist potential" includes the concept of "conditions and factors for the development of tourism activities."

E.A. Dzhandzhugazova in one of her works uses the concept " tourist values", by which he means tourist resources or the tourist and recreational potential of territories. By their nature they are heterogeneous, some of them are natural in nature (attractions), some arose as a result of human activity, i.e., created artificially. The border between natural and artificial tourist attractions values ​​are not sharply delineated, since there is a group of attractions created both by human activity and by nature itself (for example, artificial reservoirs, beaches, etc.).However, it should be emphasized that tourist values ​​are determined by the formation of a territory with tourist specialization.[Arefyev V .E. Introduction to tourism. Barnaul: Altai State University, 2002.]

The structure of tourism potential is clearly shown in Fig. 2.1, compiled by the authors of the textbook. You can immediately notice that tourism potential includes tourism resources and tourism infrastructure. The first are divided into three main groups - natural, cultural-historical and socio-economic. It should be noted the dual nature of socio-economic resources. These include elements of tourism infrastructure, as well as labor, information, material and technical, financial resources, controls etc.

Rice. 2.1.

N.I. Panov uses the concept of “tourist and recreational resources” and writes that “under tourism and recreational resources region, it is necessary to understand the natural-climatic, socio-cultural, historical, archaeological, architectural, scientific-industrial, entertainment, religious and other objects and phenomena that can satisfy human needs in the process and for the purposes of tourism and create an organizational, economic and material basis for development tourism".

Tourist and recreational resources are of paramount importance in tourism management and determine the formation of the tourism industry in a particular region. They form the basis for the successful development of the tourism business, determine the specifics of tourism development in the region, and serve as the initial basis for the production of a tourism product; when planning priority areas of investment policy in the region. Tourist and recreational resources include natural, historical, sociocultural, material and technical, and labor.

The position of A.V. is similar. Darinsky, who claims that " tourism potential- these are tourist resources, tourism industry and tourism infrastructure." N.I. Panov uses the concept throughput potential(ecological, tourist, social, household), showing the capabilities of any tourist site in the form of carrying capacity, i.e. the maximum load that a tourist site can have without serious damage to local resources from tourist trips and the emergence of socio-economic problems among the population. [Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. M.; St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund; Gerda, 2007.]

What needs to be taken into account when determining the prospects for the tourism industry in a particular region? Yu.P. Kovalev believes that when conducting such studies, it is methodically correct to highlight the following aspects:

• identification of existing tourism and recreational potential;
• assessment of the existing tourism and recreational potential;
• assessment of the current state of use of tourism and recreational potential;
• assessment of possibilities for intensifying the use of tourism and recreational potential;
• assessment of factors constraining the development of tourism in the region;
• preparation and implementation of a promising model of the territorial organization of the tourism and recreational sector of the region.

At the same time, significant attention is paid to the use of the concepts “tourist and recreational potential” and “tourist and recreational sphere”. However, the use of these concepts is methodologically not entirely correct. It should be noted that recreation and recreational activities (as mentioned above) include tourism and tourism activities. Therefore, the use of the wording “tourist and recreational” is unjustified, since it obviously contains duplication. The authors recommend separate use of these concepts - “tourist potential” and “recreational potential”.

Identifying the existing tourist and recreational potential is not the most difficult task, since now for almost any long-developed territory there are codes of historical and cultural monuments, natural protected sites, detailed information about objects of the socio-cultural sphere - museums, hotels, restaurants, sanatoriums, recreation centers and etc.

A more difficult aspect is assessing the existing tourist or recreational potential. It must take into account: the uniqueness of existing objects; differences in their availability and density within the region; diversity and complexity of available facilities; their physical condition.

It is no secret that most of the Russian regions are characterized by a low density of tourist and recreational facilities, their poor transport accessibility, poor physical condition and lack of complexity. The only subjects of Russia with high potential include the Moscow, Vladimir and Yaroslavl regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. In all other subjects of the Russian Federation there are features that make it difficult to use or worsen its quality characteristics, which reduces its overall rating.

But, despite this, it is necessary to determine the prospects for using the tourism and recreational potential. Here it is very important to develop a model for organizing the tourism sector of the region, to identify territories that primarily need concentration of efforts and funds for their development, as well as reserve territories and those where the development of tourism infrastructure is inappropriate.

To competently and effectively manage the resource potential of the region, it is necessary to develop and apply the following parameters for its assessment:

• resource quantification;
• assessment of the potential structure, the degree of use of private potentials;
• assessing the possibilities for using resources;
• systematic accounting of the state of tourist and recreational resources and determination of their importance in the development of tourism in the region, which are possible only with the introduction of a system of tourist and recreational cadastres.

There are many methods for assessing the tourism potential of territories. It makes no sense to present all the methods; it is enough just to understand their essence and principles of assessment, as well as the possibilities of practical application.

Assessment of the recreational potential of Russia (according to K.V. Kruzhalin). At the first stage of the study, the main types and forms of international tourism were identified, which are and will be implemented in Russia. First of all, these include educational, entertainment, medical, health and sports tourism. These types of tourism determined a set of indicators that formed the basis for assessing recreational potential and subsequent classification of regions.

At the second stage, a series of maps of a comprehensive assessment of natural resources was created for the development of medical and health tourism, types of natural provinces according to the conditions for organizing sports recreation, the dissemination of educational tourism resources, the ecological state of Russian regions, as well as a map reflecting the level of provision of tourist accommodation facilities. The study used a qualimetric approach, the essence of which is the expert assignment of a certain weight coefficient to each indicator characterizing recreational potential, followed by the calculation of a weighted average value reflecting the integral assessment of the recreational potential of each of the 88 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Of the entire set of Russian regions, varying in area and population, 52 are characterized by high and relatively high level of recreational potential. These regions are located mainly in the European part of the country, and seven of them are beyond the Urals and in Altai, around Lake Baikal and in Kamchatka.

Medium and low A number of old-developed regions of the European part, as well as the Russian North and Far Eastern regions, have recreational potential. It does not follow from the study that the development of international tourism is impossible in regions with low potential, which occupy about 60% of the country’s territory. These regions have unique natural, cultural, historical and archaeological sites that allow the development of certain types of non-mass tourism. This is primarily extreme, ecological, scientific tourism, etc.

An assessment of the economic and geographical factors and conditions for international tourism in Russia allows us to state that they are noticeably diverse and, in combination with recreational potential, can contribute to the development of international tourism or have a restraining effect on it. Further, based on the study of economic and geographical factors influencing the development of inbound international tourism, we can identify the determining factors relating to our country. These include, first of all, complex indicators characterizing the state and prospects for the economic development of regions, their economic weight and overall investment potential.

Of the entire set of regions, 25 are characterized by favorable and relatively favorable economic and geographical conditions for the development of international tourism. Of these, only six are located in the Asian part of Russia, and 2/3 are in the European part of the country and are stretched into a kind of chain from the northwest (Kaliningrad and Leningrad regions) to the southeast (Republic of Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk region).

To the group with not favorable enough conditions include 45 subjects, i.e. just over 50%. They occupy most of Siberia and the Far East, and are also located in the north and west of the European territory of the country. To the group with unfavorable conditions include 18 subjects, “scattered” throughout Russia, with areas of concentration in the northeast of the country and the south of Siberia.

A comprehensive analysis of the influence of economic-geographical conditions and recreational potential on the development of international tourism allows us to assess the total tourism potential of Russian regions. The conducted research served as the basis for introducing the concept of total tourism potential and allows us to conclude: a region has the best prospects for the development of international tourism if it is characterized by a high level of recreational potential and favorable economic and geographical conditions. In regions with a low level of recreational potential and unfavorable economic and geographical conditions, the development of the international tourism industry is very problematic.

To the first group, characterized favorable conditions for the development of international tourism, and accordingly high total tourist potential, include 21 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, of which only the Novosibirsk and Irkutsk regions are located beyond the Urals. The remaining regions are located relatively compactly in the north-west, center, south and south-east of the European territory of Russia.

In the second group with relatively favorable conditions for the development of international tourism, with a corresponding total tourism potential - 30 regions. This is one of the largest groups in terms of the number of subjects. At the same time, 19 regions are located in a dense ring around the central regions with high tourism potential, which belong to the first group. Six regions are concentrated in the south of Russia and adjacent to the Rostov region and the Krasnodar region. The remaining regions are dispersed along the southern border of the country and are not always adjacent to the regions of the first group.

To the group characterized not favorable enough The total influence on the development of international tourism, and accordingly the average total tourist potential, includes only five regions located in the south of European territory (Voronezh and Volgograd regions), in the south of Western Siberia (Tyumen region) and in the south and center of Siberia (Kemerovo region and Krasnoyarsk region).

To the group characterized unfavorable 32 regions have a cumulative influence on the development of international tourism, and therefore a low total tourism potential. This is the largest group in terms of area (more than 60% of the territory of Russia). Its regions occupy the north, northeast, east and southeast of the country as a single massif. A separate position is occupied by the Bryansk, Tambov, Astrakhan, Kurgan regions, the Republics of Kalmykia, Tyva and Khakassia, and the Chechen Republic.

The study allowed us to conclude that 51 regions of Russia, occupying almost 40% of the country’s territory, have high and relatively high total tourism potential. These are mainly old-developed recreational areas with an established socio-economic infrastructure, possessing sufficiently studied and developed recreational resources and a diverse natural and cultural heritage. In terms of overall investment potential, they belong to the “core” or “satellite” regions and are assessed as large and medium-sized “growth poles” in terms of economic development prospects.

Analysis of the territorial differentiation of foreign tourist flows in accordance with the total tourism potential allows us to draw conclusions about its implementation and determine the prospects for the further development of international tourism in the constituent entities of Russia. Statistics on the arrival of foreign citizens by regions of Russia are not kept at the federal level. In the current circumstances, the State Statistics Committee of Russia in the statistical collection "Tourism in Russia", based on a survey of heads of tourism enterprises, published data for 1999 on the number of received tourists, the analysis of which determined the share of visits by foreign tourists to Russian regions in the total number of tourists. On this basis, the subjects of the Russian Federation are divided into three groups.

To the first group of subjects, frequently visited by foreigners, with a share of foreign tourists of the total number of tourists (including domestic ones) of more than 50%, there are 20 regions. All of them are peripheral (with the exception of Moscow) and are located along the state border of the country from the Kaliningrad region to the Primorsky Territory (within the main settlement zone), which in some cases contributes to intensive cross-border business tourism and shopping tourism. This group also includes Moscow and St. Petersburg - traditional leaders in terms of attendance by foreign citizens.

In the second group of subjects with average attendance and with a share of foreign tourists of the total number of 10-50%, 18 regions fall, located both along the state border and adjacent to the regions of the first group. Some of the regions of this group, such as Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir and a number of other regions, are developed tourist areas. The third group of subjects, rarely visited, with the share of foreign tourists from the total number of less than 10%, includes 44 regions. They occupy an internal geographical location, and there are no clearly defined patterns in their placement.

Thus, a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation are characterized by a high overall tourism potential and frequent visits by foreign tourists. This is typical primarily for Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Samara, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk regions and some other regions where international tourism is developing at a high pace.

There are regions with a high level of total tourism potential and low share of visits by foreign tourists(less than 50%). These include: Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Belgorod, Rostov, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, Perm and Krasnodar territories, the Republic of Tatarstan. This does not mean that the number of foreign citizens received and served in these regions is small. As a rule, these regions are characterized by high absolute rates of receiving both foreign and domestic tourists. The prospects for the further development of international tourism here are high, especially taking into account the fact that the development of domestic tourism contributes to the development of international tourism.

In a number of regions with a low level of total tourism potential, there is still active visits by foreign citizens. This is typical for the Murmansk, Chita, Amur, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions, the Republic of Karelia, the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories. An analysis of the specifics of these regions gives grounds to assert that the flow of foreign citizens entering them will continue to increase, which is explained, first of all, by the development of business tourism associated with the intensification of trade relations and cross-border economic cooperation with neighboring countries (the creation of joint ventures, shopping tourism , simplification of entry and exit, etc.). The development of business tourism gives impetus to the development of “clean” tourism, the expansion of services offered, and the formation of tourism infrastructure.

The northern and northeastern regions of Russia are characterized by a completely natural combination of a low level of total tourism potential and low attendance by foreign citizens. This does not mean that the development of international tourism here is impossible, since in these regions there are unique natural, cultural and historical sites that are of great interest for the implementation of certain types of non-mass, but highly profitable scientific and environmental tourism.

Assessment of the natural and recreational potential of the territory (according to I.A. Bashalkhanov and L.B. Bashalkhanova). The natural and recreational potential of the territory is one of the leading prerequisites for the development of tourism. A comprehensive analysis of territories with high natural resource potential, based on the use of systemic methodology, suggests the following. In relation to recreational territories, it is important to identify a number of its properties: the level of recreational resources, their potential, natural and socio-economic integrity, demand in the present and future.

The quality of recreational resources reflects a person’s perception of those properties of natural complexes that in an integral form express his most unique consumer properties, including from the point of view of restoring human health, his psychological, physical and emotional state. The assessment is based on the following provisions:

• high quality of recreation is ensured only by a variety of opportunities (therapeutic, sports, educational, aesthetic, etc.);
• pristineness, unusualness, and originality of recreational resources determine their universal value;
• the human need to communicate with “wild nature” is natural and must certainly be satisfied;
• natural recreational resources are irreplaceable, exhaustible, and have limited possibilities for restoration.

Based on the initial provisions, a methodological approach to assessing the recreational potential of the territory has been developed. At the first stage, a qualitative scoring scale was compiled for each component: relief, climate, surface waters, flora and fauna, hydromineral resources, natural and cultural-historical monuments.

A comfortable or uncomfortable climate favors relaxation or limits a person’s stay in the open air. The greatest potential is in areas with a favorable climate that have no restrictions on the regime and types of outdoor recreation. An increase in climate discomfort, caused by a combination of atmospheric parameters that limit a person’s stay in the open air, leads to a decrease in the recreational value of the territory.

One of the important components of the landscape for humans, which determines the quality of their recreation, is water, both surface and underground. The recreational significance of a particular territory is differentiated depending on the temperature regime of open water bodies, one of the main limiting factors, the area of ​​their water area, natural river obstacles attractive for various sports, high-quality drinking and variety of mineral waters.

When assessing the merits of other natural components, the attractiveness of the landscape was taken into account through the diversity of their forms. In addition, the following were additionally taken into account: when assessing the relief - panoramic and picturesque views, steepness of the slopes; when assessing the flora and fauna - rare and endangered species, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the region, undisturbed vegetation, reserves for the protection of individual animal species and complex, migratory species; when assessing hydromineral resources - their quantity, significance for regional and regional use. Unique cultural monuments and natural objects of national scale are noted: mountain systems, lakes and rivers, specially protected natural areas, considered treasure troves of the gene pool of flora and fauna.

As a result, the most attractive areas are those with the broadest opportunities for the development of recreational services, leaving the right to choose the type of recreation to the individual. The recreational value of the territory decreases as the diversity of landscape components decreases; it is of the least importance with a monotonous topography, a harsh climate that limits time spent in the open air for a long time, with a shortage of water, poorly represented flora and fauna, and the absence of historical and cultural heritage sites. The total quality score (in points) varies in five ranges: up to 50, 51-150, 151-300, 301-600 and more than 600, which corresponds to variations in the attractiveness coefficient from very low (0.2) to very high (1.0 ) and reflects the degree of existing differences in typical landscape, biodiversity, natural monuments and historical and cultural heritage, favorable climate and waters for human recreation.

The assessment basis for determining the recreational potential is based on theoretical calculations of specific capacity, according to N.F. Reimers (1990), - 4 man-days per year per hectare of tourist territory. Such low standards guarantee the quality of recreation, the absence of a negative reaction from the environment and its preservation for a sufficiently long period.

2.2. Tourist resources as the basis for the spatial organization of tourism

Tourism as a branch of the economy has a clear focus on the use of natural, cultural and historical resources. This is manifested in the fact that he:

• causes migration of people to places where tourist resources are concentrated;
• involves previously unused natural and cultural complexes and their elements into economic circulation;
• makes comprehensive use of natural, cultural and historical resources;
• due to the multi-purpose use of natural resources, it places very diverse demands on natural complexes;
• successfully combines with other types of environmental management - agriculture and forestry, fishing, mining, while placing demands on natural complexes in terms of attractiveness, comfort, diversity and accessibility;
• influences nature and culture through the consumer - tourist;
• characterized by an interest in regulating anthropogenic impacts on natural and cultural complexes;
• as a branch of the economy it is economically effective: the work of tourism workers is aimed not at nature and culture, but directly at the person, at restoring his physical, mental and intellectual strength.

In the USSR, tourism was considered as a type of recreation, one of the types of active recreation. Therefore, the concept of “tourist resources” was often equated with the concept of “recreational resources”. N.P. Krachilo gives the following definition: "Under recreational resources one should understand the combination of components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values, which act as conditions for satisfying human recreational needs." [Arefyev V.E. Introduction to tourism. Barnaul: Altai State University, 2002.]

Many authors use the concept of “tourist and recreational territory resources“as “a set of natural and man-made objects necessary for the formation of a territory’s tourism product.” This includes natural, historical and socio-cultural objects that can satisfy physiological and spiritual needs, as well as help restore the physical and spiritual health of people. The main properties Tourist resources include: attractiveness (attractiveness); accessibility; degree of knowledge; significance for display (entertainment); landscape, video-ecological and socio-demographic characteristics; potential reserve, capacity; methods of use.

The Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” (as amended on February 5, 2007) gives a different concept, but similar in meaning: “ Tourist resources- natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual and other needs of tourists, help maintain their vital functions, restore and develop their physical strength."

Tourism is based on the targeted and reasonable use of tourism resources, the essence of which are objects of tourist interest that are potentially capable of satisfying the needs of people arising in the process of tourism. Where there are no tourist resources, tourism cannot exist in principle. Some tourist resources involve only tourism on a limited scale, since in this case visiting objects of tourist interest may be associated with danger to human life, or this interest has a short-term resource according to some indicators, most often temporary.

Tourist resources create the opportunity to expand the production of a tourist product, determined by the assets, reserves, internal reserves of a tourist organization, as well as natural and social conditions: a set of natural, health, cultural and other resources that can satisfy the various demands and needs of tourists. Tourist resources are available for review and use regardless of the form of ownership, unless there are restrictions established by law.

They are quantitatively limited and qualitatively differentiated, therefore, they act as an economic good, a product that requires significant costs for reproduction. In economic terms, these are the factors of production of the tourism product, since their differentiation gives rise to differences in the results of economic use.

Tourist resources are a national treasure. However, some of them, which are of particular importance, are classified as objects and monuments of world significance. This list is established and updated annually by UNESCO. All cultural monuments and natural sites are under state protection; UN funds are also allocated for the maintenance and preservation of monuments and objects of world significance.

Tourist resources have a number of common properties. Firstly, they are historical, that is, they can change as tourist needs, technical, economic and social opportunities grow. For example, swamps, industrial enterprises, old machinery, equipment, etc. become tourist resources (objects of tourist display). Secondly, they are territorial, that is, they occupy large areas; recreation as a socio-economic phenomenon already requires territories almost equal to those used by agriculture and forestry. Thirdly, they play an organizing role, contributing to the formation of special tourist destinations, areas and zones that have one or another specialization, a set of tourist enterprises and a system of tourist routes.

The specific properties of tourist resources are integrity, dynamism, capacity, in relation to the conditions of the place of permanent residence of tourists.

Expressiveness- interaction of the object with the environment, buildings, structures, nature.

Safety- the condition of the object, its readiness for the organized reception of tourists.

Basic requirements for tourism resources by consumers:

• use of natural values ​​(sightseeing of nature, protected areas, landscape survey);
• use of cultural property (examination of historical, cultural, architectural monuments, visiting museums, exhibitions, theaters);
• the opportunity to engage in sports (hiking, water, skiing, cycling, auto and motorcycle trips, walks, swimming, sports games);
• amateur activities (fishing, hunting).

There are many different classifications of tourism resources. First of all, they are divided into two large groups: direct and indirect. The first group includes mainly natural and historical and cultural resources used by tourists and vacationers themselves (for example, the attractiveness of the landscape, recreational facilities of the area, objects of knowledge). Indirect (socio-economic) resources are attracted for the development and use of direct tourism resources. They are divided into material, technical, financial, labor, etc.

Based on their functionality, tourism resources are divided into health-improving, educational and sports. At the same time, the natural and aesthetic value of the territory, which enhances or, conversely, reduces the functional qualities, is of great importance. The cognitive properties of the territory are determined by natural and socio-cultural objects (historical and cultural monuments, museums, national characteristics and traditions of the population, unique objects of nature, culture, industry).

N.P. Krachilo divides the entire complex of tourist resources into three groups:

• natural: climate, water resources, mineral springs and healing mud, relief, caves, flora and fauna, natural monuments and reserves, picturesque landscapes, unique natural objects;
• cultural and historical: museums, exhibitions, theaters, archaeological, historical, architectural monuments, ethnographic features, folklore, applied arts centers;
• socio-economic: transport accessibility of the territory and the level of development of the transport network, economic and geographical location, the level of its economic development, modern and promising territorial organization, level of provision of services to the population, labor resources, characteristics of the population.

The classifications of tourism resources proposed by the Polish economist M. Troissy and the French economist P. Defert are popular. The classification of M. Troisy is based on the division of tourism resources into those created and not created by human labor. In his works, he identifies three groups of tourism resources: natural, defined as “potential tourist capital”; created by human labor; "additional" (infrastructure, economic amenities).

Unlike M. Troissy, P. Defert does not classify infrastructure and economic amenities as tourist resources. He divides all tourist resources into four groups: hydrome (water bodies); phytom (earth, nature); lit (created by human labor, for example, architecture); anthropom (intangible types of human activity - customs, holidays, rituals, mores, etc.).

Depending on the purpose of the trip, a variety of natural resources can be considered. Tourist area or water area- a geographically defined place of concentration of the most valuable tourist resources, as well as objects of tourist interest, allocated as part of a tourist region with indication in registers, cadastres and other types of documentation with the introduction of a regime of priority target functioning and use for tourism purposes within its boundaries.

Tourist resources are recorded in cadastre of tourism resources, defined as a generalized (economic or environmental) consumer (cost or point) assessment of tourism resources. It must be presented in regional or thematic forms.

There are also other types of recreational and tourist resources. In particular, we can distinguish such types as natural healing and tourist information. Natural healing resources are intended for treatment and recreation of the population and belong to specially protected natural objects and territories, which have their own characteristics in use and protection. Tourist information resources- information about the territory, its history, culture, nature and people received by tourists during the trip, in preparation for it or after some time.

The basis for the use of tourist resources and tourist sites for tourism purposes are tourist interest and tourist impression.

Tourist interest- the prospect of a tourist receiving objective information, positive emotions and (or) the potential opportunity to satisfy the planned need of a tourist for a specific, partially known tourist service (work), tourist product and tourist product, based on a certain set of tourist resources.

Objects of tourist interest- sights, natural objects and natural-climatic zones, socio-cultural objects of display and others that can satisfy the needs of a tourist in the process of a tourist trip or travel, and the needs of tourist services and (or) a tourist product and (or) a tour, adequately for direct or related purposes tour.

However, in order to actually use these objects for tourism purposes, proper infrastructure and the tourism industry are needed, which will ensure that tourists receive the necessary information about this tourist object, sufficient to confidently motivate the choice of travel to this particular area and to this object; comfortable and safe delivery of tourists to this area; placement ; nutrition; entertainment.

Under tourist impression one should understand the complex of emotions, usually positive, the mental and physical state of a tourist, which arose or was achieved by him as a result of the consumption of tourist services (works), the purchase of tourist goods, and the consumption of a tourist product.

The tourist experience arises when taking an excursion, viewing beautiful natural landscapes, visiting attractions, restaurants, or staying in a hotel. The tourist impression of tourist resources and the tour as a whole consists of many components. Since tourism in its main focus is intended to satisfy a person’s need for recreation and entertainment, the buyer of tourism services naturally plans or intends to receive positive emotions in the process of learning, healing, and adventure.

The Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” defines the objects of the tourism industry: this is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, various educational objects, as well as organizations providing excursion services and the services of guides and interpreters.

The tourism industry can be divided into the following four sectors.

• 1. Sector “Accommodation”. This is a collection of accommodation facilities - hotels, campsites, hostels.
• 2. Sector “Food” - restaurants, canteens, cafes, catering establishments in transport.
• 3. Sector “Transport” - transport enterprises and services of various types of transport.
• 4. Sector “Cognitive objects”. This sector includes:
  • -architectural structures
  • -natural objects - wells, mountains, reservoirs (rivers, ponds), groves;

Please note that these objects may be located together.

There are two groups of accommodation facilities: collective and individual. Collective accommodation facilities are divided into three groups:

• -hotels and their analogues (motels, clubs with accommodation, furnished rooms);
• -specialized accommodation facilities (campings, land and water transport, converted into accommodation facilities);
• - other accommodation facilities (complexes of houses and bungalows, tent camps for tourists).

A hotel can be defined as an object consisting of rooms, the number of which exceeds a certain minimum (7-10); In accordance with the services and standards of the country, hotels are divided into classes and categories that have a single management and provide various hotel services.

The main characteristic of a hotel is the availability of rooms. There are many classifications of hotels depending on different classification criteria. In terms of the quality and quantity of services provided, the most common is French, or star. Individual accommodation facilities are apartments, rooms in apartments, houses, cottages for rent.

Tourists going on trips use the services of catering establishments. It can be:

Restaurants, cafes, public snack bars or canteens in holiday homes, motels, campsites, etc., where food is prepared for visitors. The range of dishes here differs from those offered in cafes and restaurants.

Tourists going on tourist and sightseeing trips must use various means of transport to reach their destination. The means of transport used can be: aviation, railway, road (bus), water (river, sea) transport, and other types. In extreme and ecological tourism, walking is practiced on a certain part of the route, from one point to another. This, on the one hand, is a voluntarily taken on difficulty, on the other hand, the fact that many objects - the tops of sacred mountains, caves - are inaccessible to most or all means of transport.

Tourism infrastructure can be understood as a system of facilities and organizations serving tourists and sightseers (historical, architectural and educational sites; transportation, accommodation, food). Tourist infrastructure includes communications, communications, water supply and purification systems, heating and air conditioning, and energy sources.

In tourism, a trip to a fairly remote city or area, visiting museums and exhibitions will be considered a trip outside the usual environment. Obviously, the concept of normal environment varies across countries and may differ for people of different mobility, social and economic status, worldview and travel motivation.

In recent years, due to the lack of centralized funding, former Soviet tourist centers were forced to switch to self-sufficiency, and with the opening of Russian borders, former lovers of domestic tourism began to intensively explore foreign routes. There has been a decline in demand for active tourism within the country. The powerful system of planned tourism almost completely collapsed, many tourist centers were closed, most organized routes ceased to exist, and regional leaders stopped supporting this area of ​​tourism.

However, against this unfavorable background, some travel companies continued to specialize in organizing active holidays for families with children, trying to stay afloat and retain their rare client in the hope of changes for the better. Apparently, these times are coming. This is evidenced by numerous programs and routes regularly developed by leading operators.

It is no coincidence that now, and in the near future, there is no reason to talk about strong competition between travel agencies or individual regions - this sector of the market is developing quite dynamically. Many, mostly inexpensive, tour operator programs are built on a regular basis and are implemented not in separate segments, as was previously practiced, but in complete tour packages, including travel, transfers, meals, active part, guide services, rental of necessary equipment and personal equipment.

Tourism infrastructure is understood as a complex of structures, engineering and communication networks, including telecommunications, roads, related tourism industry enterprises, ensuring normal access of tourists to tourism resources and their proper use for tourism purposes, ensuring the livelihoods of tourism industry enterprises and tourists themselves.

These are roads and railways, train stations and terminals, road, air, river and sea traffic control systems, heat supply systems, electrical and telephone networks, and more.

Tourist infrastructure is a complex of existing structures and networks for industrial, social and recreational purposes, designed for the functioning of the tourism sector, ensuring normal access of tourists to tourism resources and their proper use for tourism purposes, as well as ensuring the livelihoods of enterprises in the tourism industry.

Tourist resources are a set of natural and man-made (economic, financial, cultural-historical, labor, social production) objects and phenomena that, given existing technical and material capabilities, can be used to organize tourism activities.

The tourism industry is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, entertainment facilities and means, educational, business, recreational, sports and other facilities, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and services of guide-translators.

In addition to these enterprises, those organizations that can exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in tourist destinations, are also engaged in serving tourists. These are rental car companies that rent cars; motor transport companies providing buses for excursion services for tourists; taxi companies; restaurants; cafe; entertainment industry - sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, zoos, casinos, exhibition and congress halls, etc.

Tourism infrastructure is an integral part of the tourism industry, which consists of two elements.

The first element is the hospitality industry, which includes enterprises providing accommodation and food services.

The second element of the tourism industry is the infrastructure component, which is a three-level system.

The first level of tourism infrastructure is represented by production infrastructure - a complex of existing structures, buildings, transport networks, systems not directly related to the production of tourism products (unlike the structures of the next two levels), but necessary for the provision of tourist services - transport, communications, energy, utilities economy, finance, insurance, security.

The second and third levels of tourism infrastructure are formed by enterprises and organizations directly involved in tourism activities and the formation of tourism products.

The second level includes those structures that can exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in places where tourists stay. These are car rental companies, taxi companies; cafes and restaurants; sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, exhibition halls, circuses, zoos, casinos, etc. .

As part of the region's infrastructure complex, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions. These include supporting, integration and regulatory functions.

The supporting function of tourism infrastructure is to create the necessary conditions for organizing services for tourists.

Integration - organizing and maintaining connections between industry enterprises, forming territorial tourist and recreational complexes.

The most important is the regulatory function of tourism infrastructure in the economy: creating new jobs, influencing consumer demand, developing industries that produce consumer goods, promoting the growth of tax revenues to budgets at various levels.

The tourism industry is an interconnected system of enterprises and entrepreneurs that provide tourists with all the tourist services, works and goods necessary for consumption in the tourism process and sufficient for the implementation of the tourism process itself. The rapid development of mass tourism in the world has caused an adequate development of the tourism industry and related sectors of the economy, science and culture, and the education system.

Intermediation services of tour operators and travel agencies,

Transportation services, such as transfers, excursion services, and long-distance transportation by all types of vehicles,

Hospitality industry services (collective and individual accommodation and catering facilities),

Attraction services, including tourist excursions and other leisure and entertainment services,

Services of tourist information and guest centers,

Other special services.

Based on these premises, the tourism industry is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, entertainment facilities and means, educational, medical, health, sports, religious, religious, business and other purposes, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, organizations providing tourist and excursion services and guide-translator services. This definition is given in Art. 1 of the federal law “On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation” (as amended in 1996).

At the present stage of development, regardless of the government structure of the country or the territory of the tourist center, there are several different types of enterprises engaged in tourism activities in the field of tourism, namely tourism organizers (tour operators and travel agencies), carriers, hotels and other enterprises of the accommodation system, public enterprises food, entertainment attractions, as well as providers of other typical and atypical tourist and related services. These include enterprises in the banking sector, insurance services, security, information and others. For special types of tourism, medical and health institutions, educational institutions, sports, etc. are involved. It is important that all these organizations harmoniously complement each other, carry out and provide all the services necessary for the consumer and sufficient in terms of quantitative, qualitative and assortment indicators.

tourist infrastructure Kuzbass

tourism accommodation recreational

Tourist infrastructure is a complex of existing structures and networks for industrial, social and recreational purposes, designed for the functioning of the tourism sector, ensuring normal access of tourists to tourism resources and their proper use for tourism purposes, as well as ensuring the livelihoods of enterprises in the tourism industry.

Tourist resources are a set of natural and anthropogenic (economic, financial, cultural-historical, labor, social production) objects and phenomena that, given existing technical and material capabilities, can be used to organize tourism activities.

The tourism industry is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, entertainment facilities and means, educational, business, recreational, sports and other facilities, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and services of guides and translators.

In addition to these enterprises, those organizations that can exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in tourist destinations, are also engaged in serving tourists. These are rental car companies that rent cars; motor transport companies providing buses for excursion services for tourists; taxi companies; restaurants; cafe; entertainment industry - sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, zoos, casinos, exhibition and congress halls, etc.

Tourism infrastructure is an integral part of the tourism industry (see Fig. 1), which consists of two elements.

The first element is the hospitality industry, which includes enterprises providing accommodation and food services.

The second element of the tourism industry is the infrastructure component, which is a three-level system.

The first level of tourism infrastructure is represented by production infrastructure - a complex of existing structures, buildings, transport networks, systems not directly related to the production of tourism products (unlike the structures of the next two levels), but necessary for the provision of tourist services - transport, communications, energy, utilities economy, finance, insurance, security.

The second and third levels of tourism infrastructure are formed by enterprises and organizations directly involved in tourism activities and the formation of tourism products.

The second level includes those structures that can exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in places where tourists stay. These are car rental companies, taxi companies; cafes and restaurants; sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, exhibition halls, circuses, zoos, casinos, etc.

As part of the region's infrastructure complex, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions. These include supporting, integration and regulatory functions.

The supporting function of tourism infrastructure is to create the necessary conditions for organizing services for tourists.

Integration - organizing and maintaining connections between industry enterprises, forming territorial tourist and recreational complexes.

The most important is the regulatory function of tourism infrastructure in the economy: creating new jobs, influencing consumer demand, developing industries that produce consumer goods, promoting the growth of tax revenues to budgets at various levels.

Tourism infrastructure has a direct and indirect impact on the economy. The direct impact is the attraction of funds from services to tourism enterprises, material support for tourism workers and the creation of new jobs, and an increase in tax revenues. The indirect influence lies in the multiplicative effect of intersectoral interaction. The greater the proportion of income spent within a given region, the greater the multiplier effect.

Figure 1. Tourism infrastructure as part of the tourism industry

Information support plays a special role.

Unlike other sectors of the economy, the role of regional structures in information support of tourism activities should be leading.

• - providing information by phone;
• - creation and distribution of advertising materials about tourism and health resort opportunities.

Improving road infrastructure is of fundamental importance for the development of tourism.

Strengthening environmental protection activities, including strict counteraction to environmental pollution, is of great importance.

The tourism industry, like no other sector of the economy, is interested in preserving nature, culture, the appearance of historical cities, and a favorable environmental situation. After all, caring for nature and the environment is one of the attractive elements of tourism and travel.

Tourist hotels, campsites, resorts, which are located among untouched nature and where due attention is paid to environmental issues, preservation of the natural landscape and cultural heritage, are becoming increasingly popular and attracting new, environmentally conscious and prepared tourists.

Ecological tours have high environmental significance. According to the WTO, ecotourism accounts for 7 to 10% of the annual income of the entire tourism industry. The social significance of this type of tourism lies, first of all, in its educational and recreational value. For example, the tour program, along with visits to ecologically clean areas, includes excursions to places of environmental disasters. Seeing the consequences of modern civilization encourages people to take care of nature and rational use of the environment.