Switzerland, official name Swiss Confederation is a small state in Central Europe, bordered in the north by Germany, in the south by Italy, in the west by France, and in the east by Austria and Liechtenstein. The area of ​​the territory is 41,284 km².

Switzerland's northern border is partly along Lake Constance and the Rhine, which begins in the center of the Swiss Alps and forms part of the eastern border. The western border runs along the Jura Mountains, the southern - along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva.
The country's territory is divided into three natural regions: the Jura Mountains in the north, the Swiss Plateau in the center, and the Alps, which occupy 61% of the total territory of Switzerland, in the south. The country's highest point is Peak Dufort (4634 m) in the Pennine Alps, and the lowest point is Lake Maggiore (193 m).

The country is rich in rivers and lakes (most of them are of glacial origin). Flowing from the mountains, the Rhine, Rhone, Limmat, Aare are the largest rivers in the country.

The ten largest lakes in Switzerland:

Lake Geneva (582.4 km²)

Lake Constance (539 km²)

Lake Neuchatel (217.9 km²)

Lago Maggiore (212.3 km²)

Lake Firvaldstät (113.8 km²)

Lake Zurich (88.4 km²)

Lugano (48.8 km²)

Lake Thun (48.4 km²)

Lake Bil (40 km²)

Lake Zug (38 km²)

About 25% of Switzerland's territory is covered by forests; they extend not only in the mountains, but also in valleys and on some plateaus.

Climate

Switzerland has a continental climate, typical of Central Europe, but due to the complexity of the terrain, the climatic conditions of individual areas are varied.

In the Alps, winter is relatively cold (temperatures drop to -10°C -12°C, sometimes lower), but is almost always sunny. On peaks from 2500-3000 m there is snow throughout the year. About 65% of the annual precipitation here falls in the form of snow, so in winter snow avalanches occur due to the accumulation of snow on the slopes. In summer there is frequent rain and fog, and the weather can change very quickly from sunny to rainy.

On the Swiss Plateau, winter is mild. The average temperature in January is about -2°C; if snow falls, it usually lasts only a few days. In December and January, strong winds blow from the Atlantic, bringing frequent rain and fog, but the summer is warm (the average temperature in July is +18°C), and the autumn is long and sunny.

The mildest and warmest climate is found in the interior mountain valleys and basins, protected from the cold northern winds by the mountains. For example, in the canton of Ticino, on the coast of lakes Lugano and Lago Maggiore, there are many sunny days (in summer the temperature can reach +30°C), there are no large temperature changes and strong seasonal weather fluctuations. Here palm trees, magnolias and other plants of southern countries grow in the open ground - essentially like on the Mediterranean coast.

Last changes: 05/09/2010

Population

The total population according to 2008 estimates was 7,580,000, with 65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian and 7% other nationalities. More than 1 million foreigners live in Switzerland, which is 1/7 of the total population; in large cities, the share of foreigners among residents rises to 1/5 - 1/3.

The population is mainly concentrated on the plateaus. Large industrial centers - Zurich, Basel and Geneva - have the highest population density.

Swiss citizens are very peaceful, friendly, polite and law-abiding people. They are traditionally conflict-free, reasonable and rationalistic. It is also worth noting the amazing punctuality of the Swiss. The standard of living in Switzerland is very high.

Language

Switzerland has 4 national languages: German (its local dialect is “Schwitzerdütsch”), French, Italian and Romansh.

Likewise, the Constitution determines that the official languages, i.e. The languages ​​in which legislative acts are drawn up and the population communicates with federal authorities and courts are German, French and Italian. Romansh is not an official language due to the small number of speakers. However, it is widely used in official meetings with Romansh people, who in turn can address authorities in their native language.

To protect linguistic minorities, the so-called “principle of territoriality” applies, i.e. respect for traditional linguistic boundaries and the exclusive use of the indigenous language of a given area in institutions, courts and schools.

German (the most common) is used by residents of the northern and northeastern parts of Switzerland (Zurich, Bern, etc.).

French is spoken mainly in the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, Friborg and Valais.

Italian is spoken mainly in the canton of Ticino, while Romansh is spoken only in the mountainous canton of Grisons.

The local dialect of German, “Schwitzerdütsch,” is very similar to classical German, so if you speak German, you will be perfectly understood.

Religion

Currently, Catholics make up about 50% of the population, Protestants about 48%. Confessional differences in Switzerland do not always coincide with linguistic boundaries. Among the Protestants there are both French-speaking Calvinists and German-speaking followers of Zwingli. The centers of German-speaking Protestantism are Zurich, Bern and Appenzell. The majority of French-speaking Protestants live in the canton of Geneva and the neighboring cantons of Vaud and Neuchâtel. Catholics predominate in central Switzerland around the city of Lucerne, much of the French-speaking cantons of Friborg and Valais, and the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino.

In Switzerland there are also adherents of the Orthodox faith; one of the Orthodox parishes, founded in 1936 by Metropolitan Eulogius, is located in Zurich, and the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary is located in Geneva under the Representation of the Russian Orthodox Church in the World Council of Churches.

There are also small Jewish communities in Switzerland in Zurich, Basel and Geneva.

Switzerland is home to about 400,000 Muslims, mostly Turks and Kosovars. On November 29, 2009, a national referendum in Switzerland adopted a constitutional amendment banning the construction of minarets in the country. In addition, kosher and halal slaughter of animals is prohibited in Switzerland due to their cruelty.

The Swiss can be proud that they are fluent in several foreign languages ​​and can communicate freely with people from different countries. However, knowledge of their own state languages, unfortunately, is deteriorating due to their preference for English. As a result, four-lingual Switzerland is gradually turning into a “two and a half language” country. In other words, many Swiss speak their native language and English, but often only understand one of the four official languages.

Currency

The official currency of Switzerland is the Swiss franc (CHF).

The Swiss franc is equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). In circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins of 1, 2 and 5 francs, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.

Almost all shops, hotels, restaurants and cafes accept all major credit cards. Finding an ATM in the “land of banks” is also not difficult.

You can change money at any bank branch. Swiss banks are usually open from 8.30 to 16.30, except weekends. Once a week, banks work longer than usual; you need to check which day in each specific location.

You can also change money at exchange offices of large department stores, airports, railway stations and stations. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8:00 to 22:00, sometimes around the clock.
However, it is better to change money before leaving, since in Switzerland itself the exchange rate of the national currency is overvalued.

Most prices are indicated in both EUR and Swiss CHF. Some large stores even accept EUR as payment, but give change in Swiss CHF. Therefore, it is most convenient to pay with plastic cards.

Last changes: 05/09/2010

Communications

Dialing code: 41

Swiss Internet domain: .ch

Ambulance - 144, police - 117, firefighters - 118, roadside assistance - 140 (round the clock), traffic jams, condition of roads and passes - 163.

How to call

In order to call from Russia to Switzerland, you need to dial: 8 - dial tone - 10 - 41 - city code - subscriber number.

In order to call from Switzerland to Russia, you need to dial: 00 - 7 - city code - subscriber number.

Landline communications

While in Switzerland, you can call abroad from any telephone machine using coins or using a telephone card, which can be purchased at any post office.

To call from one Swiss city to another, you must dial the city's telephone year, starting with 0, and then the subscriber's number.

mobile connection

Swisscom's mobile network covers about 99% of the country's populated areas. When entering Switzerland, the mobile phone usually searches for a suitable network on its own. For example, SWISS GSM appears on the display.

Information on the coverage area of ​​the mobile network of Swisscom Mobile, the leading mobile operator in Switzerland, can be found at www.swisscom-mobile.ch

Last changes: 05/24/2010

Shopping

In small towns and villages, shops are open from 8.30 to 12.00 and again from 14.00 to 18.30 on weekdays, on Saturdays from 8.00 to 12.00 and from 14.00 to 16.00. In large cities, shops do not close for lunch, but are closed on Monday in the morning, and on one weekday (most often Thursdays) they are open until 20:00.

On Sundays, shops are closed except at the airport, some train stations and rest stops along major highways.

In terms of shopping, Switzerland is attracted primarily by the excellent quality of goods produced there. There are a lot of different shops here, from small shops with a cozy atmosphere to chic boutiques of famous and not so famous brands, as well as large department stores.

Traditional “Swiss purchases” include chocolate, cheeses, coffee, local wines, famous penknives and music boxes, bed linen and tablecloths, embroidered towels, precision instruments, various souvenirs with Swiss symbols, as well as antiques. A shopping trip would be incomplete without buying the famous Swiss watches, which are much cheaper here than in other countries.

It is worth noting that Switzerland has a large selection of high-quality clothing and accessories, depending on the brand, at very reasonable prices.

In most shops and supermarkets, salespeople speak English.

VAT and tax-free:

For purchases over CHF 400 in one store, you can receive a VAT refund. Value added tax (VAT) in Switzerland is 7.6%. To receive a refund in the store, you must receive a “Tax-free Shopping Check” (Global Refund Check), according to which, when leaving the country, you, as a foreign citizen, will be refunded the amount of VAT. Goods must leave the country within 30 days.

In order to receive your money, you must:

1. In the shop

• After making a purchase at a store that is part of the Global Refund system (as evidenced by the presence of a brand name at the entrance to the store), ask for a Global Refund check to be issued to you directly from the cashier, customer service department or central accounting department of the store.

Upon receipt of the check, make sure that your information is completely filled out (first name, last name, country of residence, home address and passport number) in the appropriate field on the check, and that the cashier's check is attached to the Global Refund check.

2. At customs

Immediately before you leave the internal market of the host country, you must present the purchased items and a Global Refund check to the border customs, on which customs officers will put a mark confirming the export of the goods. Therefore, you cannot use the goods before leaving the country (the goods must have labels). Without a customs stamp, a refund is not possible. At airports, customs clearance must be done before baggage is checked in.

3. You can receive money according to the return option you have chosen:

• to a card (or bank account), which, in this case, must be indicated in the Global Refund check, while the check is sent by you to the address indicated on the envelope attached to the Global Refund check;
• in cash at Global Refund payment points directly in the host country, after affixing the customs stamp;
• in cash in the country of arrival at the bank.

Last changes: 04/26/2013

Where to stay

Most hotels in the country are members of the Swiss Hotel Association. They have good and spacious rooms with all the services expected of an establishment of this category. However, hotels that are not members of the Association are usually also cozy and tidy. In general, Swiss hotels are better than “central European” ones. The price of breakfast (buffet) is usually included in the room price. For an additional fee, most hotels offer two or three meals a day.

There are also about 80 hostels (economy class youth hotels) throughout Switzerland; the cost of living in such hotels is about 15 - 20 francs per day. It can accommodate both individual tourists and families, tourist groups and even groups of schoolchildren of various ages. To stay in such a youth hotel, you must have a national or international Youth Hotel Card. There are no age restrictions, but during high season, those under the age of 25 have priority.

There are also a large number of campsites in Switzerland, but it is important to note that you can only set up camp in specially designated areas. In the summer, when this type of recreation is very popular, it is recommended to book campsites in advance.

Another alternative to staying in the country while on vacation is to rent an apartment. This is especially practiced in the Swiss Alps. For example, a four-room apartment can accommodate 8-10 people. The cost of rent depends on factors such as: the prestige of the resort, the size of the apartment, the cost of furniture and even kitchen utensils. It is also worth remembering that the price announced to you may not include a fee for bed linen, a deposit (on average 400 euros) in case you break something or break something, and a tax for accommodation (1 euro per person per day ). After you rent out your apartment, it undergoes so-called final cleaning, which you are also required to pay: it will cost from 20 to 50 euros, depending on the size of the room.

Sea and beaches

A beach holiday in Switzerland means relaxing on the country's many lakes.

Last changes: 09/01/2010

Story

The history of Switzerland is determined by its special geographical location, which had a significant impact on the development of the state and society as a whole.

The Swiss Confederation in its modern guise has existed only since 1848. Before that time, there was no history of Switzerland as such. We can only talk about the historical development of individual regions, which later united into a single Swiss state.

The settlement of the territory of modern Switzerland began from time immemorial. Scientists believe that the first settlements arose here in the 12th millennium BC. At first people lived in caves, and later - along the shores of lakes. Since 500 BC On the Swiss plateau lived mainly Celtic tribes, among which were the Helvetii. In 58 BC. e. these lands, as a result of Caesar's campaign, were captured. In the next three centuries, Roman influence contributed to the development of the culture of the population and its Romanization.

In the 4th-5th centuries. AD The territory of present-day Switzerland was captured by the German tribes of the Alemanni and Burgundians.

In the 6th-7th centuries. it became part of the kingdom of the Franks and in the 8th-9th centuries. was under the rule of Charlemagne and his successors. Under Charlemagne, Switzerland was divided into ten counties (Gaue).

In 843, the Treaty of Verdun led to the division of Switzerland into parts: the western, together with Burgundy, and the southern, together with Italy, went to Emperor Lothair, the eastern, along with all of Alemannia, went to King Louis the German. The subsequent fate of these lands is closely connected with the history of the Holy Roman Empire. After the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, they were captured by the Swabian dukes in the 10th century, but they were unable to keep them under their rule, and the region disintegrated into separate fiefs. In the 12th-13th centuries. Attempts were made to unite them under the rule of large feudal lords, such as the Zähringens, the founders of Bern and Fribourg, and the Habsburgs. In 1264 the Habsburgs gained a dominant position in eastern Switzerland. The Counts of Savoy gained a foothold in the west.

Having tried to abolish the privileges of some local communities in order to unify their possessions, the Habsburgs encountered strong resistance. At the center of this resistance were the peasants living in the mountain valleys of Schwyz (hence the name of the country Switzerland), Uri and Unterwalden. On August 1, 1291, these “forest” cantons concluded the “Eternal Alliance”, the meaning of which was mutual support in the fight against external enemies and, first of all, the Habsburgs. This is how the Swiss Confederation was founded. Traditionally, 1291 is considered the year of the formation of the Swiss Confederation.

Proof of the strength of the confederation was confirmed as early as 1315, when the highlanders of the forest cantons faced superior troops of the Habsburgs and their allies. At the Battle of Morgarten they won what is considered one of the most important victories in Swiss history. This victory encouraged other communities to join the confederation. In 1332-1353, the cities of Lucerne, Zurich and Bern, the rural communities of Glarus and Zug entered into separate agreements with the three united cantons, forming a number of confederations. Although these agreements did not have a common basis, they were able to ensure the main thing - the independence of each of the participants. Having been defeated at the battles of Sempach in 1386 and Näfels in 1388, the Habsburgs were finally forced to recognize the independence of the cantons, united in a confederation.

At the beginning of the 15th century. The confederates felt strong enough to go on the offensive. During numerous wars and campaigns against the Austrian Habsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire, the Dukes of Savoy, Burgundy, as well as Milan and the French King Francis I, the Swiss established a reputation as magnificent warriors. During the "heroic age" of Swiss history (1415-1513), the territory of the confederation expanded due to the annexation of new lands in Aargau, Thurgau, Vaud, as well as south of the Alps, resulting in the creation of 5 new cantons.

By 1798 Switzerland had become a confederation of 13 cantons. In addition to them, the confederation included lands that entered into an alliance with one or more cantons. There was no permanent central body: all-Union Sejms were periodically convened, where only full-fledged cantons had the right to vote. There was no all-Union administration, army or finance, and this situation remained until the French Revolution.

Religious reform, which began with Huldrych Zwingli's open challenge to the Roman Catholic Church, split the country into two camps. The Zwinglian movement of Protestantism subsequently merged with the movement of John Calvin from Geneva into the Swiss Reformed Church. The cantons of central Switzerland remained Catholic. After short religious clashes, an approximate balance was established between both religions.

In 1648, Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was officially recognized by the Treaty of Westphalia.

In 1798, French troops invaded the country and occupied it. A single and indivisible Helvetian Republic is formed, which falls under the complete subordination of France.

After the defeat of the French, Switzerland regains independence and retains its territorial borders. It already includes 22 cantons. After lengthy negotiations, a Treaty of Union was developed, signed in September 1814. It proclaimed a union of 22 sovereign cantons, but did not indicate that they constituted one state. In the declaration of the Congress of Vienna (March 1815) and the Treaty of Paris (November 1815), the great powers recognized the eternal neutrality of Switzerland.

In subsequent years, internal divisions between the “conservative” and “radical” districts became increasingly noticeable. The conflict reached its climax when the radicals organized a military expansion against the canton of Lucerne; in response, Lucerne formed an alliance with Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, Zug, Friborg and Valais, called the Sonderbund. The civil war lasted only 26 days and resulted in the defeat of the Sonderbund. The war once again proved that the country is in a deep crisis and needs radical reforms.

On September 12, 1848, the fundamental law of the Swiss Confederation was signed, transforming the country from a weak union of individual cantons into a union state with a strong political system. A new era in the history of Switzerland begins. A permanent executive body was created in the form of a federal council of seven members elected by the legislature from two chambers - the national council and the council of cantons. The federal government was given the power to issue money, regulate customs regulations, and, most importantly, determine foreign policy. Bern was chosen as the federal capital.

The revised constitution of 1874 and subsequent amendments further strengthened the power of the federal government without compromising the federal basis of the Swiss state. Starting from the second half of the 19th century. A dense network of railways is being built, industry is developing, especially mechanical engineering, the chemical industry and watch production.

With the outbreak of the First World War, a threat arose to the national unity of Switzerland: the French-speaking Swiss mainly sympathized with France, and the German-speaking Swiss with Germany. Switzerland's role in World War II is controversial. Formally maintaining neutrality, the country bought peace of mind at the cost of political and economic collaboration. Switzerland opened huge loans to Germany, and also supplied the latest technologies necessary to strengthen military potential.

With the end of World War II, Switzerland decided not to join the newly formed United Nations (UN) and acquired observer status, which allowed the European headquarters and several specialized UN organizations to be located in Geneva, including the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization. This decision strengthened Switzerland's position in international politics. The country is a member of several UN organizations: the International Court of Justice, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Switzerland provides significant assistance to developing countries.

In 1979, a new canton was formed in Switzerland, called Jura.

In 1983, Switzerland became a full member of the Group of Ten, the grouping of major savers of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

On December 12, 2008, Switzerland officially joined the Schengen visa-free area. Passport control has been canceled at all land checkpoints at the country's borders. At international airports, Switzerland has prepared its aviation terminals to handle intra-Schengen flights where passport control is not required, and has separated these flights from other international terminals.

Last changes: 05/09/2010

For the Swiss, talking about salary or source of income is considered a closed topic. Even close friends do not tell each other about these issues.

Switzerland is considered a rich country, and the majority of the population lives prosperously. Naturally, there are very rich people, but you won’t see them on the streets. They live modestly and do not advertise their millions.

The list of the 500 richest people in the world, compiled in 2007 by the American magazine Forbes, included 8 representatives of Switzerland. Ernesto Bertarelli is recognized as the wealthiest Swiss person. His fortune is equal to 8.8 billion dollars.

Switzerland attracts wealthy foreigners. According to the Swiss magazine Bilanz, of the ten richest residents of Switzerland, five have foreign citizenship. Their total wealth is CHF 103 billion. fr. ($78 billion). The richest foreigner living in Switzerland is the head of the Swedish company IKEA, Ingvar Kamprad, whose fortune is $33 billion. He is also ranked 4th on Forbes magazine's list of the world's 500 richest people.

In Switzerland, the most popular alcoholic drink is wine. Based on the results of 2005, the share of grape wines amounted to 50% of total sales. Beer accounted for only one third. The biggest beer drinkers, contrary to popular belief, are Italian-speaking Swiss, not German-speaking.

A characteristic feature of Swiss society, as well as European society in general, is late marriage. First, they receive a professional education, make a career, and, having reached a certain position in society, decide to start a family. The average age at first marriage is about 29 years for women and 31 years for men.

Most often, young people formalize their family relationships immediately before the birth of their first child together.

Regarding the number of children in the family, large families are a rare occurrence. On average, a family has no more than one or two children, as living expenses increase and large apartments become very expensive.

Only 1/3 of the Swiss population owns their own home. Compared to other European countries, this is a very low figure.

Modern rules for obtaining citizenship in Switzerland are among the most complex in Western Europe, so the number of foreigners obtaining Swiss citizenship is much lower than in any single European country. At the same time, the share of foreigners in the total population of Switzerland is very high, so in 2008. it amounted to 21.7%. It is worth noting that the distribution of foreigners across Switzerland is very uneven.

There is a particularly high percentage of foreigners among children. A census carried out in 2000 showed that 25.8% of children under 6 years of age did not have Swiss citizenship, and in the country's five major cities this number exceeded 45%. Approximately one in five children born in Switzerland has at least one parent with foreign nationality.

Almost all pharmacies in Switzerland are closed on Saturday and Sunday afternoons; there are pharmacies on duty only in large cities; in this situation, it doesn’t hurt to take with you a standard set of medications that can be useful for minor ailments.

If you decide to travel around the country by car, you should remember that some sections of Swiss roads are toll roads, so you will have to pay a fee when entering them.

Also, do not forget that for non-compliance with even basic traffic rules in Switzerland, impressive fines are levied, and you will practically not see police officers on the roads; all violations are recorded by video cameras installed on the roads throughout the country.

Last changes: 01/20/2013

How to get there

Daily regular direct flights to Geneva and Zurich from Moscow are operated by Aeroflot (from Sheremetyevo-2) and Swiss (from Domodedovo). The flight duration to Geneva and Zurich is about three hours.

Rossiya also makes weekly flights to Geneva from St. Petersburg. In addition to direct regular flights, it is possible to fly in transit through Paris, Prague, Vienna, Dusseldorf and Amsterdam and other European cities. You can also fly to Switzerland from the airports of such Russian cities as Samara, Yekaterinburg, Rostov, but all of them with transit in European cities.

During the ski season and New Year's holidays, operators usually increase the number of flights and launch charters from Moscow to Geneva, Basel or Sion (which is in close proximity to Zermatt, Verbier, Saas-Fee and Crans-Montana).

The airports of Geneva and Zurich are combined with railway stations, so any destination can be reached with maximum speed directly on the day of arrival.

You can also travel from Moscow to Switzerland by train, which departs from the Belorussky railway station and arrives in the city of Basel. Travel time 1 day 15 hours.

Road from CIS countries

Daily regular flights from Ukraine are operated by Ukraine International Airlines and Swiss on the route Kyiv - Zurich. Austrian Airlines (via Vienna) and Malev (via Budapest) fly from Odessa to Geneva.

From the Belarusian capital, daily flights to Geneva are jointly operated by Belavia and Austrian Airlines (via Vienna), and Lufthansa planes fly through Frankfurt twice a week. On the route Minsk - Zurich, the national carrier of Belarus operates the following joint flights: once a week with LOT (via Warsaw), three times a week with Czech Airlines (via Prague) and daily with Austrian Airlines (via Vienna).

Regular flights of Turkish Airlines (via Istanbul), Lufthansa (via Frankfurt) and KLM (via Amsterdam) fly from Almaty to Geneva four times a week, and British Airways planes three times a week (via London).

Last changes: 02/07/2013

Shopping

In the minds of a huge number of people, Switzerland is associated with cheese and watches. And, of course, people come here to make sure that the Swiss cheese is the most delicious and the watches are the most accurate. It would hardly be an exaggeration to say that this is so.

Tourists can try Swiss cheeses and dishes based on them in any corner of the country. But many people go to Geneva specifically to buy watches and jewelry. By the way, original products can be bought here on any central street.

The spring months in Switzerland are especially attractive for those who love to purchase designer items. The fact is that it is at this time that many manufacturers offer discounts (up to 70%!) on their goods - from clothes to souvenirs. You can buy things from famous designers in Ticino, in the south of the country.

Among the largest shopping centers are Shop Ville (Zurich) and Fox Town Faktory (Mendrisio). The latter is the largest shopping complex in Europe.

Shopping in Bern will give you great pleasure. In shopping boulevards up to 6 kilometers long you can find everything from souvenirs to cakes.

As for the store opening hours, you will have to get used to it. Firstly, most institutions are closed on Sunday. On Saturday, the working day usually lasts up to 16 hours. Shops used to close on Wednesday, especially in rural areas, but on Thursday they are open longer - until about 21:00. The Swiss are quite strict with lunch: from 12:00 to 14:00 most institutions are closed.

Gas stations are beyond competition: open every day from 08:00 to 22:00. True, food and drinks are more expensive here.

Transport

The largest international airports in Switzerland are in Zurich, Basel and Geneva. They are serviced by the Swiss company Swiss.

In general, transport links in Switzerland are one of the densest. Trains depart approximately every half hour. Large cities have a very dense network of buses and trams. Most metro lines in Switzerland are similar to our tram lines: they run above ground. It was only in 2008 that the first underground metro opened in Lausanne.

Intercity transportation is also organized flawlessly. Even remote settlements regularly require buses. You can get to any place in the city and country quickly, easily and using the transport that you prefer.

Ferries ply on the numerous lakes of Switzerland exactly on schedule. There are cable cars in the mountains: not only very convenient, but also exciting!

In general, transport in this country works - pardon the pun - like a Swiss watch.

As for roads, traveling in your own car can also bring considerable pleasure. At least because of the landscapes that stretch around. In addition, one cannot complain about the quality of coverage and infrastructure. Roads that pass through mountain passes play an important role.

An important point: in order to drive a car on some highways, your car must be equipped with a special ticket. You can buy it when entering Switzerland, at customs. It costs around $30. The permissible speed on highways is 120 km/h, up to 80 km/h outside populated areas, up to 50 km/h in populated areas. There are video cameras on all roads that help catch violators, so be careful. By the way, you can be convicted for speeding in Switzerland. You can pay a fine even for exceeding the speed limit by 5 km/h.

Helpful tip: Don't drive with sunglasses on. The fact is that there are a lot of tunnels on the roads of Switzerland. If you enter a tunnel on a sunny day, you will find yourself in pitch darkness, which is unsafe for you and, possibly, for the vehicle moving towards you.

Connection

Communications in Switzerland, as you may have guessed, also work smoothly. Moreover, modern public telephones open up very unusual opportunities for many tourists. Thus, they have a touch screen through which you can not only make a call, send an email or look through a telephone directory, but also order train tickets.

As for mobile communications, the GSM standard is used here.

Internet access can be found everywhere: in public places or in a virtual cafe - for free or for a couple of francs.

Post offices are open on weekdays (Monday-Friday) from 07:30 to 18:30 (lunch - from 12:00 to 13:30). Most hotel lobbies have one or two computers connected to the Internet that you can use.

Safety

Tourists intending to spend a holiday in Switzerland with accommodation in rented accommodation or a hotel require a tourist visa. To receive it, you need to submit the following documents: a foreign passport and a copy of its first page, a completed application form with a signature and photograph, an original and a copy of a round-trip ticket, confirmation of prepayment for housing, confirmation of the availability of funds. In some cases, the Embassy may require other documents.

Switzerland is considered a safe country, and yet experts recommend getting insurance, which can save you from paying impressive sums for emergency medical care (you never know). And if your property is stolen, insurance will help compensate for the damage.

In general, the crime rate in Switzerland is very low. However, you should still be wary of pickpockets, especially during high season or during exhibitions and conferences. It is recommended to be especially careful at train stations and during night train trips.

In case of theft, immediately contact the police station for a report. It is better to always have your passport with you if you want to avoid problems with the police. By the way, the representatives of the law here are not distinguished by their angelic character.

The level of road safety in this country is also very high. However, winding mountain roads can pose an increased danger, especially during the summer and winter holidays, when congestion increases.

Business

Switzerland is the richest country in the world. In addition, it is one of the most important financial centers in the world: a huge number of branches of foreign banks operate here. The secret of the reliability of Swiss banks is simple: they are located in a country with a stable economic and legal system, and therefore cannot go bankrupt.

It seems completely logical that a country with such a status annually hosts international conferences and exhibitions, which attract tens and hundreds of thousands of people from different parts of the planet. Thus, the most popular exhibitions are: FESPO ZURICH (“Recreation, Travel, Sports”), SICHERHEIT (“International Safety Fair”), IGEHO (“International Exhibition of the Supply Industry, Hotel and Restaurant Business”), Internationaler Automobil-Salon Genf ( “International Automobile Salon”), Blickfang Basel (“Exhibition of Furniture, Jewelry and Fashion Design”) and many others. Conferences on political, financial, banking, industrial and cultural issues are regularly held here.

Real estate

Switzerland has long been considered one of the most closed countries for foreign property buyers. It is impossible to buy real estate here if you do not have a category B residence permit (which means a permanent visa extension for 10 years). Moreover, the buyer is also obliged to comply with the rules of the state “game”: the purchased property cannot be used for commercial purposes. A foreigner is allowed to use housing only for his own needs, with a residence time limit of 6 months a year. You can live in this house permanently only by obtaining a residence permit in this country. At the same time, there is still a limitation on area.

Houses and apartments in Switzerland are very expensive, and the country's real estate market has demonstrated its stability even during the crisis. Experts even noted a slight increase in prices for a number of objects.

The cost of housing in Switzerland depends on many factors. One of the most important is location. So, a small apartment in Villars, in a residential complex, can be purchased for some 60 thousand euros. Apartments in more expensive resorts can cost from 150 thousand to 800 thousand euros (this depends on the area and view from the window). Those who have more serious means and are looking for privacy in the lap of nature and huge personal space, of course, choose luxury villas and chalets. Such housing will cost about 5-8 million euros.

Contrary to popular belief, traveling in Switzerland is no more expensive than traveling in Germany or Italy. It’s just that the Swiss understand very well that “good money” equals “good service”. In this country, tourists always get what they pay for.

If you want to spend as little as possible, then the best option is to live at a camp site, cook by yourself, travel short distances and only by bicycle. With such a vacation, you can spend about $30 per day. You won't spend much more if you eat at fast food restaurants or student canteens at universities: lunch there is relatively inexpensive ($7-9).

Comfortable conditions within reason - a three-star hotel or inn - will cost about $100 per day. Eating out can make a big difference on your wallet. By the way, tips there (+15%) are included in the bill. The same applies to the cost of taxi services.

A visit to a museum or an acquaintance with some attraction will cost about $4. You will spend about the same amount to move around the city using public transport.

Visa information

Citizens of the CIS and the Russian Federation require a visa to travel to Switzerland, which is part of the Schengen countries. A short-term Schengen visa (category C) can be tourist (when booking a hotel or a tour around the country), guest (when visiting relatives or friends), business (if necessary, meetings with business partners) and transit (when traveling in transit to those countries that are not Schengen members).

In addition, the Swiss Embassy issues study visas for people going to study for a period of more than 90 days, and work visas for people who are employed.

The Swiss Embassy in Moscow is located at: per. Ogorodnaya Sloboda, 2/5. You can also contact the Consulate General in St. Petersburg (Chernyshevsky Ave., 17) or the Visa Department of the Embassy (Moscow, Prechistenskaya embankment, 31).

Story

The history of Switzerland dates back to the 12th millennium BC. It was then that the territory covered with eternal snow, under the pressure of global warming, began to become free of ice. Gradually the white cover changed to green, and the “revived” earth found its first inhabitants from the human race.

In ancient times, Switzerland was inhabited by the Celtic tribes of the Helvetii, hence its ancient name - Helvetia. Around the 1st century BC, after the campaigns of Julius Caesar, the country was conquered by the Romans and gained worldwide fame. In the 5th century AD, during the era of the Great Migration, it was captured by the Alemanni, Burgundians and Ostrogoths; in the 6th century - the Franks. In the 11th century, Switzerland became part of the “Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.”

Initially, the Swiss were not a single nation; Switzerland itself was a union of communities (cantons) striving for self-government. At the beginning of August 1291, the peasants of the forest cantons of Schwyz, Uri and Unterwalden, living on the shores of Lake Firwaldstät, entered into an alliance with each other and swore an oath to help each other in the fight against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty; in a stubborn struggle they defended their independence. The Swiss celebrate this joyful event to this day: August 1 is the Swiss National Day - fireworks and fireworks illuminate the Swiss sky in memory of the events of more than seven centuries ago.

For two centuries, Swiss troops defeated the feudal armies of dukes, kings and kaisers. Provinces and cities began to join the original union. The united allies sought to expel the Habsburgs, gradually expanding their borders. In 1499, after the victory over Kaiser Maximilian I of Habsburg, Switzerland was freed from imperial rule. In 1513, there were already 13 cantons in the union. Each canton was absolutely sovereign - there was no common army, no common constitution, no capital, no central government. In the 16th century, a severe crisis occurred in Switzerland. The reason for this was a schism in the Christian church. Geneva and Zurich became centers of activity for the Protestant reformers Calvin and Zwingli. In 1529, a religious war began in Switzerland. Only a serious danger coming from outside prevented the complete collapse of the state. In 1798, the French invaded Switzerland and transformed it into the unitary Helvetic Republic. For fifteen years the country was under their rule. The situation changed only in 1815, when the Swiss introduced their own constitution with equal rights for 22 sovereign cantons. In the same year, the Vienna Peace Congress recognized the “permanent neutrality” of Switzerland and defined its borders, which are still inviolable. However, the unity of the union of cantons was not reliably ensured by the organization of a sufficiently strong central government. Only under the constitution of 1948 did the fragile union turn into a single state - federal Switzerland.

National characteristics

Switzerland is a highly developed country with intensive agriculture. It is the largest exporter of capital, the financial center of the capitalist world. Swiss banks are the most reliable. Perhaps this is explained by the fact that the country has never joined any blocs. It was and remains a stable country in Europe.

In Switzerland, four languages ​​are spoken and written: German (various local dialects of Swiss German and literary High German are spoken by 65% ​​of the population), French (18%), Italian (mainly one of the Lombard dialects, 12%), and in Romansh (in five different dialects). Having the opportunity to study all the languages ​​of the country at school, every Swiss, as a rule, understands them, although he is not always able to express himself in all of them.

The Swiss are very religious: according to the 1980 census, about 50% profess the Protestant faith, 44% the Catholic faith, 6% adhere to other religions or atheism. Traveling around Switzerland, one cannot help but notice the world-famous virtue of the Swiss - the love of cleanliness and order. They are cleaning the streets with a vacuum cleaner! James Joyce once remarked that soup here can be eaten without plates, straight from the pavement. In Switzerland, it is impossible to pass by Swiss watches, which have become the embodiment of precision, elegance, and a kind of world standard. For this small country, watches have become the most prestigious and significant export.

Culture

In Eastern Switzerland there is the Rhine Falls (average water flow - 1100 cubic meters per second). The city of Schaffhausen is located near the waterfall. This part of the country abounds in variegated flower carpets: alpine rose (rhododendron), edelweiss, saxifrage, prolomnik. Most of the plants are perennial herbs and shrubs. Their flowers are relatively large and bright; both flowers and plants themselves are often fragrant. Small towns and villages with an unobtrusive charm fit perfectly into such a natural landscape. In Central Switzerland you can admire Mount Pilatus - a favorite vacation spot for both residents of the country and foreign tourists.

Switzerland is an amazing country. It contains both the beauty of nature and outstanding creations of human hands in a small space. At every step there are traces of various civilizations. The ruins in Nyon and Avenches are reminiscent of the Romans, in particular the amphitheater for 10,000 visitors. In Basel, Geneva and Lausanne, a variety of Romanesque and Gothic architectural monuments attract attention. The Castello di Montebello fortress from the Renaissance has been preserved - one of the places of pilgrimage for tourists. The Baroque is richly represented, mainly in the monasteries of Einsiedeln, Engelberg and the churches of Kreuzlingen and Arlesheim.

The architectural appearance of the city of Schaffhausen is dominated by Baroque and Rococo, and the oldest surviving buildings date back to the late Gothic period. Along a path paved with stones you can climb to the ancient fortress of Munot. The center of Eastern Switzerland is the city of St. Gallen, which, according to legend, owed its birth to the Irish monk Gallus. During the construction of the monastery, Gallus was helped by a bear; his image can be seen today on the city coat of arms. The famous cathedral in St. Gallen and the monastery library are considered the main monuments of the Baroque style in Switzerland.

The cultural life of the country is diverse and rich. Every big city has its own theater and symphony orchestra. The most famous musical theaters are the Opera House in Zurich, the Grand Theater in Geneva and the Basel City Theater. Summer in Switzerland is the time for festivals; they take place in Lausanne, Zurich, Montreux and many other cities. In addition to world-famous international music festivals, Lucerne hosts an annual carnival. The holiday always begins on Thursday and lasts until the first Wednesday of Lent.

Swiss cuisine

The cuisine of Switzerland enjoys well-deserved recognition among gourmets all over the world, and the Swiss themselves at home are by no means shy away from Lucullean delights. So, the favorite pastime of Zurich residents is walking around restaurants and cafes, and if they praise you about one of the eateries, you can safely go there. The local cuisine has been strongly influenced by its neighbors, primarily the “older French cousin” and Italian cuisine, as well as the purely Swabian table, but still it has enough of its own delicacies that are widespread in other countries. A typical Swiss dish is the famous fondue, which is best enjoyed when it is cold outside and raining or snowing. Then sit comfortably in front of the fireplace and, pricking pieces of bread crumb onto a long fork, dip them in the melted cheese. It is best to drink this delicacy with white wine or tea.

Another famous cheese dish that has become widespread is raclette from Wallis. The very name of the dish (“raclette” (French) - large grater) reveals the principle of its preparation. The cheese is grated on a coarse grater or broken into small pieces, heated and served with potatoes. However, to enjoy the taste and aroma of cheese, it is not necessary to reheat it. The best example is Emmental (more often called Swiss) and Appenzell cheeses, which enjoy well-deserved recognition among gourmets, as well as Grayerz cheese. Vacherin, which is prepared only in winter, and Schabziger, a cheese with herbs from Glernerland, have an exquisite taste and aroma.

Among the Ticino delicacies we should mention, first of all, small soft formagini cheeses, which are made from cottage cheese, as well as various varieties of mountain cheese, the most famous of which is Piora. Another famous Swiss delicacy is Zurich schnitzel (veal in cream sauce). Those who like to eat heartily prefer the Berner Platte - a dish of sauerkraut with beans and fried potatoes. Bern is also considered the birthplace of the famous Rosti - thinly sliced ​​fried potatoes with cracklings.

Now is the time to think about soups, for example, Basel flour soup, barley soup from Bünden or Busekka - Ticin tripe soup. The national dish of sunny southern Switzerland is, of course, polenta, a dish of corn grits with cream and pieces of fruit. To the south of Saint Gotthard, risotto is a favorite - a rice dish prepared Milanese style (with saffron), with mushrooms or peasant style (with vegetables).

The menu of Swiss cuisine also includes fish dishes: rudd, trout, pike and aigli (freshwater perch), which are prepared differently everywhere. In late autumn and winter, you can try game delicacies, such as roe deer back, in many restaurants. And another delicacy, famous on both sides of the Swiss border, deserves your attention. This is Bünden meat, dried beef, cut into thin slices. Those who first tasted it in Valais, and not in Graubünden, call this dish “Welsh-style meat.”

The Alpine republic is famous for its wines. White wines are widely known - “Dezaley” and “St.-Saphorin”, “Fendant” and “Johannisberg”, “Twanner”. The best varieties of red wines are the exquisitely fine “Rose der CEil-de-Perdrix”, strong “Dole”, “Pinot Noir” and “Merlot”. But perhaps the best Bünden wines are made in the Italian town of Veltalin, which since 1815 has become the Swiss canton of Grisons. “Sassella”, “Grumello”, “Inferno” - these are the names of strong ruby-red wines that owe their luxurious bouquet to the generous southern sun. All that remains is to say a few words about all kinds of sweets served for dessert, afternoon tea, and evening coffee. These include fruit pies, Zug cherry cake, carrot cake, Engadine nut cake, and of course, the famous Swiss chocolate.

Economy

Switzerland is one of the most developed and richest countries in the world. Switzerland is a highly developed industrial country with intensive, highly productive agriculture and an almost complete absence of any mineral resources. According to Western economists, it is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of economic competitiveness. The Swiss economy is closely connected with the outside world, primarily with EU countries, through thousands of threads of industrial cooperation and foreign trade transactions. OK. 80-85% of Switzerland's trade turnover is with EU countries. More than 50% of all cargo from the northern part of Western Europe to the south and in the opposite direction passes through Switzerland. After noticeable growth in 1998-2000. The country's economy entered a recession. In 2002, GDP grew by 0.5% to CHF 417 billion. fr. Inflation was at 0.6%. The unemployment rate reached 3.3%. The economy employs approx. 4 million people (57% of the population), of which: in industry - 25.8%, including in mechanical engineering - 2.7%, in the chemical industry - 1.7%, in agriculture and forestry - 4.1% , in the service sector - 70.1%, including in trade - 16.4%, in banking and insurance - 5.5%, in the hotel and restaurant business - 6.0%. The policy of neutrality allowed us to avoid the devastation of two world wars.

Policy

Switzerland is a federal republic. The current constitution was adopted in 1999. The federal authorities are in charge of issues of war and peace, foreign relations, army, railways, communications, money issue, approval of the federal budget, etc.

The head of the country is the president, elected every year on a rotation basis from among the members of the Federal Council.

The highest legislative body is the bicameral parliament - the Union Assembly, consisting of the National Council and the Council of Cantons (Chambers of equal rights).

The National Council (200 deputies) is elected by the population for a 4-year term using a system of proportional representation.

The federal structure and constitution of Switzerland were enshrined in the constitutions of 1848, 1874 and 1999.

Now Switzerland is a federation of 26 cantons (20 cantons and 6 half-cantons). Until 1848 (except for the short period of the Helvetic Republic), Switzerland was a confederation). Each canton has its own constitution and laws, but their rights are limited by the federal constitution. Legislative power belongs to Parliament, and executive power belongs to the Federal Council (government).

There are 46 deputies in the Canton Council, who are elected by the population using a majority system of relative majority in 20 two-mandate districts and 6 single-mandate districts, that is, 2 people each. from each canton and one from half-canton for 4 years (in some cantons - for 3 years).

All laws adopted by parliament can be approved or rejected in a popular (optional) referendum. To do this, after the adoption of the law, 50 thousand signatures must be collected within 100 days.

The right to vote is granted to all citizens over 18 years of age.

The highest executive power belongs to the government - the Federal Council, consisting of 7 members, each of whom heads one of the departments (ministries). Members of the Federal Council are elected at a joint meeting of both chambers of parliament. All members of the Federal Council alternately hold the positions of President and Vice President.

The foundations of the Swiss state were laid in 1291. Until the end of the 18th century, there were no central government bodies in the country, but all-Union councils - tagsatzung - were periodically convened.

Each country has its own name and this name has its own history. Let's see where the name "Switzerland" comes from?

To begin with, let us clarify that the word “Switzerland” is a Russian-language adapted version of the German common name for the country, Die Schweiz, in modern spelling. Why do we start from the German name? Switzerland as a country and nation is beginning to take shape in the German-speaking space, and therefore German names are, in accordance with the principle of seniority, more “authentic”.

So where did the country's name come from? First, let's clarify which one it is. The official German name for Switzerland is: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. How to translate this into Russian? Everything is clear with the first word, but what is Eidgenossenschaft? The German designations Eidgenonssenschaft/eidgenössisch are of an official and bureaucratic nature. At the heart of these designations is the concept of Ei" or "oath", as well as Genossenschaft or "fellowship".

One way or another, the name “Swiss Oath Partnership” is used only in Switzerland and only in German, and the French-language version Confédération suisse or Swiss Confederation has found its way abroad, including into the Russian language. And this name also confuses many, especially when you read that “The Swiss Confederation is a federation.” So what exactly is a country, given that federation and confederation are two mutually exclusive forms of government?

In short, the situation looks quite simple: the Latin Confoederatio is, in its meaning, a direct translation of the concept of Eidgenossenschaft, and in essence it is just a “federation” in the form as it was understood in the Middle Ages. Even more briefly: what in the Middle Ages was called “Confederation” means the form of government that in the modern world is called “Federation”. And then, if we take into account this semantic shift, everything more or less falls into place: modern Switzerland is a classical federation.

Context

One Switzerland and 26 cantons - an outdated model?

30.07.2017

What is the basis of Swiss statehood?

30.07.2017

Rütli Meadow: “Where Switzerland came from...”

30.07.2017

Democracy in Switzerland was the result of protests and riots

30.07.2017
Original region

Much more common, of course, is the name “Switzerland”, which is a direct adaptation of the local toponym Schwyz. Today in Switzerland there is both the canton of Schwyz and its capital, the city of the same name. This region belongs to the original regions, whose representatives, according to legend, signed the already mentioned “Union Charter” in 1291. In addition, one of the most important battles took place here in 1315 (the Battle of Morgarten), in which the future Swiss defeated the troops of the Empire. Therefore, gradually the whole country began to be called by the name of the Schwyz region.

Another name for Switzerland is Confoederatio Helvetica. This Latin phrase refers to one of the tribes that inhabited the territory of what is now Switzerland. This tribe was called "Helvetii". It was the first tribe mentioned in written sources on the history of Switzerland. A short version of this name, the concept Helvetia, is still used on postage stamps and coins to this day. In addition, “Helvetica” is the name of one of the most popular fonts, which you can read more about below.

The initial letters of the words Confoederatio and Helvetica also form abbreviations:

"CH": used as a designation for a Swiss domain name on the Internet and on car license plates;

"CHF": international designation for the Swiss currency "Swiss franc";

"HB": national code used in civil aviation;

"HB9": national code used by radio amateurs.

InoSMI materials contain assessments exclusively of foreign media and do not reflect the position of the InoSMI editorial staff.

Switzerland - the most detailed information about the country with photos. Sights, cities of Switzerland, climate, geography, population and culture.

Switzerland (die Schweiz)

Switzerland is a country in Central Europe. This is one of the most beautiful and richest countries in the world, most of whose territory is occupied by mountains (the Alps and the Jura). Switzerland borders Italy in the south, Germany in the north, Austria and Liechtenstein in the east, and France in the west. This is a federal parliamentary republic, which is divided into 20 cantons and 6 half-cantons. The population speaks German, French, Italian and professes Christianity (the share of Catholics and Protestants is approximately equal).

The name of the state comes from the canton of Schwyz, one of the three cantons that founded the Confederation. Switzerland is a country of amazing alpine landscapes and picturesque small towns, blue lakes that reflect mountains and glaciers, and green valleys. This is a country of banks and watches, cheese and chocolate, which has maintained its neutrality for many centuries. Switzerland has a wonderful cultural heritage, stunning nature and world-class ski resorts.

Useful information about Switzerland

1. The official languages ​​are German, French, Italian and Romansh (or Swiss).
2. The currency is Swiss franc.
3. Visa - Schengen.
4. The standard of living is very high.
5. Population - more than 8 million people.
6. Area - 41,284 km².
7. The capital is Bern.
8. Time - UTC +1, in summer +2.
9. Switzerland is one of the safest countries in the world with a very low crime rate.
10. Tax Free - only available on purchases worth more than 300 francs.
11. Holidays: January 1 - New Year, January 2 - St. Berthold's Day, Good Friday (April-May), Easter (April-May), Holy Week Monday (the first after Easter), May 1 - Labor Day, Ascension of the Lord (in May -June), Pentecost and Spiritual Day (May-June), Corpus Christi (usually in June), August 1 - Swiss National Holiday, August 15 - Assumption of the Virgin Mary, November 1 - All Saints' Day, December 8 - Immaculate Conception Day The Blessed Virgin Mary, December 25 - Christmas, December 26 - Boxing Day.

Geography and nature

Switzerland is located almost in the center of Europe and occupies an important strategic position between the North and South of the continent. Geographically, the country can be divided into:

• The Jura is a mountainous region in the northwestern part of Switzerland.
• The Swiss plateau or Mittelland is the central part of the country, sandwiched between the Alps and the Jura. It is a hilly plain.
• The Alps are the largest mountain range in Switzerland, occupying 61% of its territory. They are divided into the Pennine Alps, the Lepontine Alps, the Rhaetian Alps and the Bernina Massif.

In terms of topography, most of Switzerland is mountainous. The average altitude above sea level exceeds 500 meters. The highest point in Switzerland is Peak Dufour (4634 m), the lowest is Lake Maggiore - 193 m.

In the mountains of Switzerland are the sources of the largest rivers in Europe: the Rhone and the Rhine. The country is also known for a large number of picturesque lakes: Geneva, Firwaldstätt, Thun, Zurich, Bil, Neuchâtel, Lago Maggiore. Most of them are of glacial origin. By the way, there are many glaciers in the mountains of Switzerland.

The nature of Switzerland is quite rich and varied. 1/4 of the country's territory is still covered with forests. The forests are dominated by oak and beech, while the mountains are dominated by spruce, pine and fir. The mountains and forests of Switzerland are home to deer, roe deer, chamois, foxes, hares, and partridges.

Climate

The predominant climate type is continental. The climate of mountainous regions is determined by altitudinal zonation. In the west of the country the climate is much milder, while in the east and south it is much harsher.

Best time to visit

Switzerland is open to tourists all year round and each season is good in its own way. If its main goal is ski resorts, then you need to come in winter. The off-season is quite suitable for exploring the country's cultural heritage and attractions. For trips to the mountains and lakes, it is better to visit Switzerland in the summer.

Story

The territory of Switzerland was inhabited back in the Stone Age. During the existence and heyday of the Roman Empire (from the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD), Celtic tribes (Helvetians) lived here. The east of Switzerland was inhabited by the Rhaetians, who were related to the Etruscans. In the 2nd century BC, local tribes raided the Roman Empire and even inflicted several defeats on the Romans. Switzerland was subjugated in 52 BC when the Gauls' revolt against Roman rule was suppressed. In the 3rd century AD, the Romans began to lose their position under the onslaught of Germanic tribes. By the 5th century, the north of Switzerland was captured by the Alamanni, and the west by the Burgundians.

During the Middle Ages, Switzerland was fragmented into several kingdoms, which were subjugated by the Franks during the reign of Charlemagne in the 8th century. Christianization of the population began in the 4th century. In 843, the territory of Switzerland was divided between Italy and Germany. At the beginning of the 10th century, the entire territory of the country was subjugated by the German kings and in 1032 became part of the Holy Roman Empire, under whose rule it remained for 3 centuries.

In the 11th-13th centuries, trade developed in Switzerland and new cities appeared. This caused the emergence of new trade routes. One of the main trade arteries of Switzerland was of great importance and passed through the valleys of Uri, Schwyz, Grisons and the St. Gotthard Pass. During this period, the Habsburgs came to power in the Holy Roman Empire. Fearing their oppression, on August 1, 1291, a military treaty was concluded that united Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden. This date is considered the founding of the Swiss Union and Swiss statehood. In the 14th century, the Habsburgs repeatedly tried to take control of the cantons, but suffered several defeats.

In the 14th century, the Swiss Union was replenished with Zurich, Lucerne and Bern. This led to increased tension between the cantons, which resulted in the Zurich War. It is interesting that large cities within the confederation received free status, had broad autonomy and conducted brisk trade with other cities in Europe. In the 15th century, new cantons joined the Swiss Confederation. In 1499, the Holy Roman Empire attempted to regain control of the unruly territories, but was defeated. By the way, around this period the first principles of Swiss neutrality were laid down.

In the first half of the 16th century, the period of the Reformation began in Switzerland. In 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was concluded, which secured the independence of Switzerland. In the 17th and 18th centuries, life in the state was peaceful. During this period, industry developed in Switzerland, and the country itself grew rich in loans, turning into one of the main financial centers in Europe.

At the end of the 18th century, revolution broke out in the French-speaking cantons of Switzerland. The German-speaking cantons, led by Bern, tried to suppress it, but this led to occupation by France and the formation of the Helvetic Republic. During this period, the first constitution was adopted, modeled on the French one. After the withdrawal of French troops in 1802, the restoration of the old order began. In 1803, Napoleon returned feudalism to Switzerland, gave a new constitution and increased the number of cantons. In 1814-1815, the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Paris secured the independence of Switzerland and its neutrality.

In 1848, Switzerland adopted a new constitution. Since 1850, the franc became the common currency, and the capital was Bern. In 1844 the first railway was laid from Basel to Strasbourg. In World War I and World War II, Switzerland took the side of military neutrality. Although during the Second World War she collaborated with the Nazis. In 1999, a new constitution was adopted. Currently, Switzerland is one of the richest countries in the world. One of the largest physical laboratories, CERN, operates on its territory. It was also in Switzerland that the Internet was born. The first website, browser and web server were developed here.

Administrative division

Administratively, Switzerland is divided into 20 cantons and 6 half-cantons. Cantons are divided into districts, which in turn are divided into cities and communities.

• Obwalden
• Nidwalden
• Neuchâtel
• Ticino
• Thurgau
• Aargau
• Grisons
• St. Gallen
• Glarus
• Fribourg
• Solothurn
• Basel-Stadt
• Basel-Lands
• Schaffhausen
• Appenzell-Ausserrhoden
• Appenzell Innerrhoden

Regionally, the country can be divided into:

• Northwestern Switzerland - Basel, Aargau, Solothurn.
• Zurich region.
• Central Switzerland - Lake Lucerne and the cantons of Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Schwyz.
• Eastern Switzerland - the area between the sources of the Rhine and Lake Constance (Thurgau, Appenzell-Ausserrhoden, Appenzell-Innerrhoden, St. Gallen).
• The Lake Geneva region is the French-speaking part of Switzerland (the cantons of Geneva, Bern, Valais, Fribourg).
• Southern Switzerland is an Italian-speaking region (canton of Ticino).

Population

Interestingly, 90% of the population of Switzerland considers themselves ethnic Swiss. However, the country does not have a common language. Language composition: German-Swiss (65%), French-Swiss (18%), Italian-Swiss (10%). Therefore, the most common language is still German. Religiously, the vast majority are Christians (half of whom are Catholics and the other half Protestants).

Transport

The largest airport in Switzerland is located in Zurich. Other international airports are located in Basel, Geneva, Lugano, Bern and St. Gallen. The country is connected by modern highways to Germany and Austria.

A vignette is required to drive on Swiss motorways. Its cost is 40 francs and it is valid for one year. The fine for missing a vignette is 200 francs.

Switzerland has one of the most developed railway networks in Europe, making traveling around the country by train very convenient. Also, many railways are very scenic. There are regular train connections with almost all neighboring European countries. You can also get to Switzerland by bus from some Eastern European countries, Spain and Portugal.

Speed ​​limits: 50 km/h - built-up areas, 80 km/h - outside built-up areas, 120 km/h - highways. Fines for speeding are very high.

It is permissible to drive a vehicle with a blood alcohol content of no more than 0.5‰.

Swiss cities and popular destinations

The capital of Switzerland is Bern. This is a picturesque ancient city with a beautiful medieval historical center, which is included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The largest city and transport hub in Switzerland. It is one of the most dynamic Swiss cities with beautiful architecture, plenty of entertainment and leisure opportunities.

The capital of the canton of the same name, located on the shores of the picturesque Lake Geneva. It is a city of banks and museums, parks and galleries, where the UN headquarters in Europe is located.

The cultural capital of Switzerland with a beautiful old town and vibrant nightlife. This city is located on the Rhine River on the border with France and Germany.

Other popular cities:

• Lausanne is the capital of the Swiss canton of Vaud. This small city is the seat of the International Olympic Committee and a major university center.
• - one of the most beautiful and popular cities in Switzerland. It is located on the shore of the lake of the same name on the border of the Alps.
• Lugano is the capital of Southern Switzerland and the canton of Ticino. It is famous for its picturesque nature and cultural component of recreation.
• Interlaken is a small resort town located between Lakes Thun and Lake Brienz.

Switzerland amazes with a whole scattering of picturesque small towns that seem to have come straight out of a postcard.

Sights of Switzerland

Old towns and historical landmarks

The old town of Lucerne is located on the shores of a picturesque lake surrounded by mountains. It has a medieval core with ancient houses, bridges and landmarks. The main symbols of Lucerne are the 14th century bridge chapel and the famous sculpture of the Dying Lion.

For wonderful scenery and views, visit the viewpoints.

Chillon Castle in Montreux is a magnificent castle on the shores of Lake Geneva. It was built in the 12th century and for a long time remained the residence of the Savoy dynasty.

Saint-Pierre Cathedral, the pearl of the old town of Geneva. It was built in the 12th century and contains a large number of Romanesque and Gothic elements.

Cathedral of St. Nicholas is a beautiful Gothic church in the city of Friborg. Friborg itself is considered one of the most beautiful medieval cities in Europe.

The old town of Sion is one of the most picturesque in Europe. It is located on the Rhone River and has a charming medieval atmosphere. The most famous attractions are the Cathedral, the Witches Tower and the Bishops' Castle.

Oberhofen is a romantic medieval castle on the shores of Lake Thun, turned into a museum. There is a large and beautiful park adjacent to the castle.

Notre Dame Cathedral is the most outstanding example of Swiss Gothic, a grandiose medieval cathedral located in Lausanne.

Bern's old town is a maze of cobbled streets and ancient houses, the tallest cathedral in Switzerland and a medieval clock tower.

The charming old town of Zurich with beautiful architecture and interesting sights. Here you can find more than 50 museums and 100 art galleries. Bahnhofstrasse in Zurich is one of Europe's best shopping streets with trendy designer stores.

Natural attractions of Switzerland

The Matterhorn is one of the most famous mountains in Europe. This legendary peak is located in the Pennine Alps and has a height of 4478 m.

Jungfraujoch is one of Switzerland's most popular natural attractions, located in the Bernese Alps. At an altitude of 3445 meters there is an observatory and observation deck, as well as the largest glacier in Europe and the famous trail to Mount Eiger. At the foot of the mountains is the picturesque ski resort of Grindelwald.

Interlaken is one of the most popular summer resorts in Switzerland, located between picturesque lakes. Offers more than 45 scenic mountain railways, cable cars and ski lifts.

Lake Geneva is the largest alpine lake located on the border of Switzerland and Austria.

St. Moritz is one of the most famous ski resorts in Switzerland. Set among beautiful alpine lakes, jagged peaks and forests.

Lake Lugano is the pearl of the canton of Ticino. Here, subtropical plants grow among the alpine peaks, and the surrounding area is imbued with the color and atmosphere of Italy.

The Rhine Falls are the largest waterfalls in Central Europe. Located near the town of Schaffhausen.

Accommodation

Finding accommodation in Switzerland is not a problem. The country is a very popular tourist destination, so there are a large number of hotels, guest houses and even campsites of different price categories. On average, the cost of living in Switzerland is quite high. Although if you start looking for housing in advance or arrive in the off-season, you can find excellent options.

Kitchen

Swiss cuisine was formed under the influence of the culinary traditions of Italy, Germany, and France. Switzerland is historically an agricultural country, so most traditional dishes are easy to prepare. Many cantons have regional cuisine.

Popular food:

• Fondue is melted cheese with pieces of bread.
• Raclette is a dish similar to fondue.
• Rösti is a popular potato dish.
• Birchermüesli - muesli.
• Älplermagrone - casserole with onions and cheese.
• Zürcher Geschnetzeltes - veal with mushrooms in cream sauce.
• Malakoff - fried cheese balls or sticks.
• Apple Rösti - a sweet dish with apples.
• Tirggel - Christmas biscuits.
• Polenta, risotto and pizza in Southern Switzerland.

Traditional products: cheese, sausages, chocolate, meringue, wine.

is a mountainous country located in southern Central Europe, in the heart of the Alps. It borders with Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Liechtenstein.

The name comes from the name of the canton of Schwyz, derived from the Old German “to burn”.

Official name: Swiss Confederation

Capital: Berne

The area of ​​the land: 41.3 thousand sq. km

Total Population: 8.6 million people

Administrative division: Switzerland is a federation of 23 cantons (3 of them are divided into half-cantons).

Form of government: Federal parliamentary republic. Each canton has its own constitution, parliament and government.

Head of State: The president is elected by parliament for a year from among the members of the government.

Population composition: 65% are Germans, 18% are French, 10% are Italians and 1% are Romansh.

Official language: German, French, Italian and Romansh are the national and official languages ​​of the Swiss Confederation.

Religion: 50% are Catholics, 48% are Protestants.

Internet domain: .ch

Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz

Country dialing code: +41

Country barcode: 760-769

Climate

Switzerland belongs to the temperate continental climate region. But, speaking about the climate of this country, it should be borne in mind that about 60% of its territory is occupied by mountains, so here you can get from winter to summer in two hours. The Alps are a kind of barrier that prevents the flow of cold Arctic masses to the south, and warm subtropical masses to the north.

In the northern cantons, winter is mild and lasts about 3 months: from December to February. At this time, the minimum temperature is -1...-4, maximum +2...+5 degrees. In summer (from June to August) at night it is usually +11...+13 degrees, during the daytime the air warms up to +22...+25 degrees. There is quite a lot of precipitation throughout the year. Their maximum occurs in the summer (up to 140 mm per month), the minimum from January to March (slightly more than 60 mm per month).

In the south, winter temperatures are almost the same, and summer temperatures are higher. The average minimum temperature is +13...+16, the average maximum +26...+28. There is even more precipitation in this area. From March to November, more than 100 mm of precipitation falls per month, and from June to August this amount approaches 200 mm. The least precipitation falls in January and February (about 60 mm).

The weather in the mountains depends on the altitude of the area. In the highlands it is snowy in winter. The temperature most of the year (from October to May) is negative both at night and during the day. In the coldest months (January and February), at night the temperature drops to -10...-15, during the day - to -5...-10. It is warmest in July and August (2...7 degrees at night, 5...10 degrees during the day). The maximum snow depth is usually observed in early April. At an altitude of 700 meters it lasts 3 months, 1000 meters - 4.5 months, 2500 meters - 10.5 months.

Geography

Swiss Confederation, a state in Central Europe. The government system is a federal republic. The area of ​​the country is 41.3 thousand square meters. km. In the north it borders with Germany, in the west with France, in the south with Italy, and in the east with Austria and Liechtenstein. The northern border is partly along Lake Constance and the Rhine, which begins in the center of the Swiss Alps and forms part of the eastern border. The western border runs along the Jura Mountains, the southern border along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva. The capital of Switzerland is Bern.

The Jura Mountains, the Swiss Plateau (the so-called "middle zone") and the Alps are the three main geographical regions of the country.

Most of the country is located in the Alps. The average height of the mountains is 1,700 m. The snow limit lies at an altitude of 2,500 m. The Swiss Alps have about 100 mountains with a height of 4,000 m or more, as well as about 1,800 glaciers. The second highest mountains in Switzerland are the Jura. These mountains became famous thanks to excavations, which resulted in the discovery of numerous dinosaur remains. It was from the excavation site in the limestone Jura Mountains that the name of the geological period was given.

In Switzerland you can find everything that is found in Europe. It has gathered within its borders all the captivating contrasts characteristic of this continent, offering the attention and senses of the traveler a rare combination of natural and man-made attractions.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

About 1/4 of the country's territory is covered with forests. The composition of forests depends on the altitude above sea level. In the area of ​​the Swiss Plateau, up to an altitude of 800 m, broad-leaved forests of oak, beech, ash, elm, maple, and linden predominate. Above 1000 m, the broad-leaved species that remain are mainly beech; spruces, pines, and firs appear. And starting from an altitude of 1800 m, the main place is occupied by coniferous forests of spruce, fir, pine and larch. At the highest altitudes (up to 2800 m) there are subalpine and alpine meadows, thickets of rhododendron, azalea, and juniper.

The Swiss plateau is located in the zone of European broadleaf forests. The predominant species are oak and beech, with pine mixed in in some places. On the southern slope of the Alps the chestnut tree is typical. Higher up the mountain slopes, coniferous forests grow, forming a transition zone between broad-leaved forests and alpine meadows (at high altitudes). Crocuses and daffodils are typical for alpine flowers in spring, and rhododendrons, saxifrage, gentians and edelweiss in summer.

Animal world

The fauna is greatly depleted. While snow partridge and mountain hare are still quite common, such characteristic animals of the upper tier of the mountains as roe deer, marmot and chamois are much less common. Great efforts are being made to protect wildlife. The Swiss National Park, located near the border with Austria, is home to roe deer and chamois, and less commonly, alpine ibex and fox; Ptarmigan and several species of birds of prey are also found. There are numerous reserves and sanctuaries.

In the mountains there are fox, hare, chamois, marten, alpine marmot, and birds - capercaillie, thrush, swift, and snow finch. Along the shores of the lakes you can find seagulls, and in the lakes you can find trout, char, whitefish, and grayling.

Attractions

Switzerland is an example of a classic tourist country - elegant cities and famous resorts with cozy hotels, majestic mountains, pristine lakes and picturesque hillsides. Here, all the beauties of nature and outstanding creations of human hands are concentrated in a small space.

The country is replete with small towns with unique flavor, such as Biel - the “watch capital” with two official languages, the famous Solothurn - a city with Baroque buildings and many cultural monuments, Chur - the oldest city in Switzerland (2500 BC). ), Disentis with an interesting Benedictine monastery and museum (8th century), Münster with a Benedictine nunnery (8th century, UNESCO protected cultural monument), Guarda and Splügen - typical Alpine villages with many beautiful "chalets", the birthplace of Le Corbusier - La Chaux-de-Fonds with its International Watch Museum, Afoltern and Emmental, where the famous cheese exhibitions are held, or Romont with its Swiss Museum of Glass Painting. Each such town has a unique charm and deserves special attention.

Banks and currency

Swiss franc (CHF), equal to 100 centimes (rappen in German Switzerland). There are banknotes in circulation in denominations of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 francs, as well as coins in 5, 2, 1 franc, 50, 20, 10 and 5 centimes.

Banks and currency exchange are open from 8.00 to 16.00 (some until 17.00 - 18.00) on weekdays, break from 12.00 to 14.00. Once a week banks are open longer than usual. Currency exchange offices at airports and railway stations are open daily from 8.00 to 22.00, often around the clock.

Many stores accept convertible currencies, and all major credit cards and traveler's checks are accepted. You can change money at any bank branch, in the evening - at exchange offices of large department stores, airports and at some travel agencies. It is better to change money abroad, since in Switzerland itself the exchange rate of the national currency is overvalued.

Useful information for tourists

There are no endemic infectious diseases in Switzerland. Vaccinations against such are not required upon entry, with the exception of those who have been in an epidemic area 14 days before arriving in Switzerland. Swiss medical institutions are among the best in the world. For a doctor's visit or hospitalization, you must pay a deposit in cash, traveler's checks, or provide medical insurance. You will be sent an invoice after your hospitalization, but you may be asked to pay on the spot.

The most popular items among buyers are jewelry, watches and chocolate. All major jewelry companies have their representative office in Geneva. For Switzerland, watches have become the embodiment of precision, elegance, and a kind of world standard.

It is usually not customary to tip, except in restaurants, where the tip is 10% of the order price. We advise you to read the bill carefully, not to save money, but to respect tradition, and never exceed a 10% tip. They are handed over only after the change to the centime is brought.