We study the Baltic countries and their capitals on the map (list) ➤ included in the Baltic region. Below is a map of the Baltic republics + capital, alphabetical list, borders by land and sea, flags and continents, in English and Russian
Presentation with flags for children and adults: the capitals of the 3 Baltic republics. The ability to sort the table alphabetically, select the necessary neighboring countries and their capitals, friendly and unfriendly. Go to a detailed map in Russian, look at the surroundings of the city, show border areas nearby, find and write down the names. How many adjacent states are neighbors of the 1st and 2nd order, their location in the region, as indicated. See on the diagram who they are neighbors with and the places nearby, where the nearest city on the border is located. List the names of continents and parts of the world, surrounding seas and oceans. Find out the number of letters in the name and which one it starts with
Full list - which countries are part of the Baltic region + capital:
- Lithuania, Vilnius
- Latvia, Riga
- Estonia, Tallinn
In English:
| A country | Select country Latvia Lithuania Estonia | English version: |
Baltic countries on the map + capitals
The table is alphabetical, it contains all the Baltic states (Pribaltika), which are united by location and territory, which have common borders. Both land/by land and sea/by sea. The above republican entities are geographically located on the coast of the Baltic Sea, in the northern part of the European continent. Previously part of the former USSR -
The Baltic states joined the USSR
Since 2004, all three powers are and
The Russian city of Kaliningrad (Königsberg until 1946) is the center of the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation. Located between Lithuania and Poland on the banks of the Pregolya River (Kaliningrad Bay of the Baltic Sea)
According to the list there are 3 states in the Baltic region and a detailed geographical diagram of their location in the world for 2019; for clarification, go to the “MAP” or “SATELLITE” view type. Nearby countries with territories around: western, eastern, northern, southern. More details here
Fedorov G.M., Korneevets V.S.
General information
The Baltic states in Russian literature are traditionally understood as Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. This territory was inhabited by humans relatively recently, about 10 thousand years ago, after the retreat of the glacier. The ethnicity of the first inhabitants of the region is impossible to determine, but, presumably, by the 3rd millennium BC this territory was occupied by Finno-Ugric peoples of the Altai language family, who came here from the east. At this time, the process of settlement of Indo-European peoples began in Europe, which included the Baltoslavs, who migrated to the territories north of the Carpathians from the general area of settlement of Indo-Europeans in the northern Black Sea region. By the beginning of our era, the Baltic tribes, separated from a single Balto-Slavic community, populated the entire southern Baltic region, including the southeastern coast of the Gulf of Riga, assimilating or pushing the Finno-Ugrians to the north. From the Baltic tribes settled in the Baltic states, the Lithuanian and Latvian nationalities were later consolidated, and then nations; from the Finno-Ugric tribes, the Estonian nationality and later a nation were formed.
National composition of the population of the Baltic states
A significant part of the Baltic population is Russian. They have long inhabited the shores of lakes Peipus and Pskov and the Narva River. In the 17th century, during the religious schism, Old Believers migrated to the Baltic states. But the bulk of the Russians living here moved during the period when the Baltic states were part of the Russian Empire and the USSR. Currently, the size and share of the Russian population is declining in all Baltic countries. By 1996, compared to 1989, the number of Russians decreased in Lithuania by 38 thousand people (by 11%), in Latvia - by 91 thousand (by 10%), in Estonia - by 54 thousand (by 11. 4%). And the outflow of the Russian population continues.
The Baltic states have a number of common features in their economic and geographical location, natural conditions, history, structure and level of economic development. They are located on the southeastern coast of the Baltic Sea, on the adjacent marginal section of the East European (Russian) Plain. For a long time, this territory served as an object of struggle between the powerful powers of Europe and now continues to remain a zone of contact between Western European and Russian civilizations. After leaving the Soviet Union in 1991
During the Soviet period, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, together with the Kaliningrad region, were included by the planning authorities of the USSR in the Baltic economic region. Attempts were made to integrate their national economy into a single complex. Some results of cooperation between individual industries, for example in the fishing industry, in the formation of a unified energy system, etc., have been achieved. However, internal production connections have not become so close and extensive that one can speak of an integral territorial production complex of the Baltic states. We could talk about such common features as the proximity of national economic specialization, the similarity of the role in the all-Union territorial division of labor, the higher standard of living of the population compared to the average Union. That is, there were socio-economic differences between the region and other parts of the country, but not its internal unity.
The Baltic republics differed from other parts of the USSR in ethnocultural terms, but at the same time they had very little in common with each other. For example, unlike most of the Soviet Union, where the alphabet is based on the Cyrillic alphabet, on their territory the autochthonous population uses the Latin alphabet, but it is used for three different languages. Or, for example, believing Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians are most often not Orthodox, like Russians, but they differ in religion and among themselves: Lithuanians are Catholics, and Latvians and Estonians are predominantly Protestants (Lutherans).
After leaving the USSR, the Baltic states are trying to implement economic integration measures. However, their national economic structures are so close that they are more likely competitors in the struggle for foreign markets than partners in economic cooperation. In particular, servicing Russia’s foreign economic relations through the Baltic ports is of great importance for the economies of the three countries (Fig. 6).
The Russian market is extremely important for the sale of food products, light industry products and other consumer goods, the production of which is developed in the Baltic states. At the same time, trade turnover between Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia is insignificant.
The share of the other two Baltic countries in the trade turnover of Lithuania and Estonia in 1995 was 7%, Latvia - 10%. In addition to the similarity of products, its development is hampered by the limited size of the markets of the Baltic states, which are small in territory, population and economic potential (Table 6).
Table 6
General information about the Baltic states
Sources: The Baltic States: Comparative Statistics, 1996. Riga, 1997; http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/lg.html
Lithuania has the largest territory, population and GDP among the three countries, Latvia is in second place, and Estonia is in third place. However, in terms of economic development, as follows from a comparison of GDP and population, Estonia is ahead of the other Baltic countries. Comparative data taking into account purchasing power parity of currencies are given in Table 7.
Table 7
Gross domestic product in the Baltic states,
taking into account the purchasing power of currencies, 1996
Source: http://www.odci.go/cia/publications/factbook/lg.html
Rice. 7. Main trading partners of the Baltic states
The natural conditions of the Baltic states, while generally similar, also have some differences. Taking into account the whole complex of factors, they are most favorable in Lithuania, located to the south, and least favorable in the northernmost republic, Estonia.
The relief of the Baltic states is flat, mostly low-lying. The average surface height above sea level is 50 meters in Estonia, 90 in Latvia, 100 in Lithuania. Only a few hills in Latvia and Estonia slightly exceed a height of 300 m, and in Lithuania they do not even reach it. The surface is composed of glacial deposits, forming numerous deposits of construction minerals - clays, sands, sand-gravel mixtures, etc.
The climate of the Baltic states is moderately warm, moderately humid, belongs to the Atlantic-continental region of the temperate zone, transitional from the maritime climate of Western Europe to the temperate continental climate of Eastern Europe. It is largely determined by the westerly transfer of air masses from the Atlantic Ocean, so that in winter the isotherms take a meridional direction, and the average January temperature for most of the Baltic territory is –5° (from –3 in the western coastal part to –7 in the remote parts of the sea areas). Average July temperatures range from 16-17° in northern Estonia to 17-18° in the southeast of the region. The annual precipitation is 500-800 mm. The duration of the growing season increases from north to south and is 110-120 days in the north of Estonia and 140-150 days in the south of Lithuania.
The soils are predominantly soddy-podzolic, and in Estonia - soddy-carbonate and bog-podzolic. They do not have enough humus and require large amounts of fertilizer and, due to frequent waterlogging, drainage work. For acidic soils, liming is necessary.
The vegetation belongs to the zone of mixed forests with a predominance of pine, spruce, and birch. Latvia and Estonia have the greatest forest cover (45%), the least (30%) is Lithuania, which is the most developed in agricultural terms. The territory of Estonia is heavily swamped: swamps occupy 20% of its surface.
In terms of the degree of economic development of the territory, Lithuania takes first place, Estonia takes last place (Table 8).
Table 8
The degree of economic development of the Baltic states
Compared to European countries located to the south, the level of development of the territory of the Baltic states is less high. Thus, Lithuania, which has the highest population density among the Baltic republics - 55 people. per sq. kilometer, is twice as large as Poland and four times smaller than Germany. At the same time, this is much more than in the Russian Federation (8 people per square kilometer).
From the data in Table 8 we can also conclude that there is an ongoing reduction in cultivated areas in Estonia, and especially Latvia. This is one of the consequences of the changes in the economy that are taking place in the Baltic states after the collapse of the USSR and the beginning of transformation processes of transition from a directive to a market economy. Not all of these changes are positive. Thus, by 1997, none of the Baltic republics had reached the level of production of the gross national product of 1990. Lithuania and Estonia have come closer to it; Latvia is lagging behind the others. But, unlike the other former republics of the USSR, in the Baltic states, since 1994, the gross national product began to grow. The standard of living of the population is also increasing.
Geographical position. Baltic countries - Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia are small territories(their total area is comparable to the area of Belarus). They are located on the low-lying eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. Latvia and Lithuania are Belarus' immediate neighbors in the northwest. Their coastal location, unique natural conditions, and proximity to countries of the CIS and Western Europe with different levels of economic development determined their economic specialization. The most important transport corridors pass through their territory between the countries of Eastern and Western Europe, the waters of the Baltic and North Seas. Ferry crossings provide the shortest route between the Baltic countries and the Nordic countries, Poland and Germany.
Belarus uses the Baltic ports for foreign trade. The port of Ventspils (Latvia) is specialized in the export of petroleum products and liquid chemicals, which are transported to it via oil and product pipelines from Belarus and Russia. The Baltic's natural resources, primarily fishing and recreational, are associated with the sea. The region's coast is one of the most famous amber-bearing areas in the world.
The region is located at the junction of zones of economic and military-political interests Western countries (EU, NATO) and Russia. Russian interests are connected with the residence of a large Russian-speaking diaspora here and with the problem of the enclave position of the Kaliningrad region (the shortest land routes from continental Russia to the Kaliningrad region pass through the Baltic). The accession of the Baltic states to the EU makes their borders the borders of Russia and Belarus with the EU.
Natural conditions and resources. The relief of all three countries located on the plate of the ancient East European Platform is flat. The Baltic lowland is crossed by low glacial hills, alternating with swampy lake-glacial lowlands. The Baltic Sea coast is bordered by sand dunes.
The climate is also different. Located on the northwestern edge of continental Europe, the territory is under the constant influence of air currents from the North Atlantic, carrying moist cool air in summer (+16 °C) and warm air (0...–5 °C) in winter. Rainy weather is typical throughout the year; In winter, rains periodically give way to snowstorms. Snow cover does not occur every year and does not last long. Due to the large amount of precipitation (800-1000 mm) and the flat surface, the Baltic region has many rivers, lakes and swamps. Through its territory, the Daugava (Western Dvina) and Nemunas (Neman) carry their waters to the Baltic, on the main tributary of which - Neris River(Lithuanian name for the Belarusian river Viliya) is the capital
Lithuania - Vilnius and one of the largest cities in the country - Kaunas (at the confluence with the Nemunas). The Baltic lakes - mainly glacial and oxbow lakes - are small and shallow. Forests - pine, pine-spruce with an admixture of broad-leaved species - in the west and small-leaved trees - in the east, extensive floodplain meadows, low-lying swamps - this is the typical landscape of the Baltic states.
The Baltic region is poor in mineral resources. The most significant deposits of oil shale are in Estonia. Raw materials for the building materials industry, peat, are extracted. Oil and gas reserves are of local importance.
Population. The demographic situation in the Baltic countries is unfavorable. There is a natural population decline(mortality exceeds birth rate) and its migration outflow. As a result The populations of all three countries are declining. The average population density is low by European standards: from 30 people/km 2 in Estonia to 51 people/km 2 in Lithuania. The population is distributed unevenly: the coasts and areas around the capitals are most densely populated. The level of urbanization is high everywhere - about 70%.
The largest cities by population are the capitals: Riga, Vilnius and Tallinn (Fig. 154, 155, 156). The national composition is dominated by titular ethnic groups: in Lithuania it is more than 80%, in Estonia - about 70%, in Latvia - about 60%.
Rice. 154 Riga
Rice. 155 Vilnius
Rice. 156 Tallinn
Among the non-titular population of Latvia and Estonia, there is a high proportion of Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians - the “Russian-speaking population,” whose social and legal status is an acute problem in interethnic and interstate relations. According to the laws of these countries, this part of the population is deprived of the right to citizenship and cannot fully participate in the political life of the country.
Farming. Reforms carried out after the collapse of the USSR transformed the Baltic countries into post-industrial economies. The service sector employs up to 60% of the population and creates about 70% of GDP. The share of industry and agriculture in the Lithuanian economy is highest (27 and 13%, respectively).
After the collapse of the USSR, the share of mechanical engineering in industry Baltic decreased to 15%. The leading position has passed to the food industry. Energy countries is based on local (oil shale) and imported (oil, petroleum products, natural gas) raw materials. Estonia, which uses oil shale, is at the level of developed European countries in terms of electricity production per capita . The energy sector of Lithuania and Latvia is developing primarily on imported Russian oil. In the energy sector of Latvia, the role of hydroelectric power plants built on the Daugava is great.
In Lithuania there is a hydroelectric power station on the Nemunas River. State of the art chemical industry is higher in Lithuania, where it is based on imported natural gas, apatite and refined oil products; produces nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers, plastics and products made from them. In Estonia, local oil shale is used in the production of nitrogen fertilizers and dyes. Household chemicals are developed, and pharmaceuticals are developed in Latvia. Modern mechanical engineering ,predominantly non-metal intensive, developed with the participation of foreign capital. Its products include radio engineering, fine mechanics products, instruments and equipment for industry and agriculture. Shipbuilding and ship repair are underway. Woodworking and pulp and paper The industry specializes in the production of furniture, paper, and wooden building structures. Products easy The industry is diverse - textiles, knitwear, clothing, footwear. Linen fabrics are produced in all major cities of Latvia. IN food The meat, dairy and fish industries are developed. Fishing is carried out in the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic, processing is carried out in fish processing and fish canning factories. Products from all of these industries are exported in small quantities. In the international division of labor, the Baltic states specialize primarily in providing a variety of services: tourism, transport, banking, etc.
Agriculture Baltic countries - farming type with private land ownership. Leading industry - livestock farming , specializes in breeding cattle for dairy, meat and milk and dairy and meat production and pig farming (including bacon). The number of pigs exceeds the number of cattle. In terms of milk production per capita, countries occupy leading positions in the world. Crop production specializes in the production of feed, grain and industrial crops, and vegetables. About 50% of the sown area is allocated to fodder crops. They cultivate grains - barley and wheat. Fiber flax and sugar beets are widely planted in Latvia and Lithuania. Potatoes and vegetables are grown everywhere.
Bibliography
1. Geography grade 9 / Textbook for grade 9 institutions of general secondary education with Russian language of instruction / Edited N.V. Naumenko/ Minsk "People's Asveta" 2011
Baltics, also Baltic(German: Baltikum) is a region in Northern Europe that includes the territories of Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, as well as the former East Prussia. From the name of this territory comes the name of one of the Indo-Germanic language groups - the Balts. .
The indigenous population of the Baltic countries, as a rule, does not use the term “Baltic”, considering it a relic of the Soviet era, and prefers to talk about the “Baltic countries”. In Estonian there is only the word Baltimaad (Baltic countries), it is translated into Russian as Baltic, Baltic or Baltic. In Latvian and Lithuanian the word Baltija is used to refer to the region.
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Lithuania (lit. Lietuva)
the official name is the Republic of Lithuania (lit. Lietuvos Respublika), - a state in Europe, on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. In the north it borders with Latvia, in the southeast - with Belarus, in the southwest - with Poland and the Kaliningrad region of Russia. Member of NATO (since 2004), EU (since 2004), WTO, UN. Country that has signed the Schengen Agreement. From 1919 to 1939 the capital was Kaunas. The capital of modern Lithuania is Vilnius (from 1939 to the present). The state emblem is Pahonia or Vytis (lit. Vytis) - a white horseman (Vityaz) on a red background, the national flag is yellow-green-red.
Grand Duchy of Lithuania
In the XIII-XIV centuries, the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania grew rapidly and reached the shores of the Black Sea. At the same time, the Lithuanian princes waged a difficult struggle with the Teutonic Order, which was defeated in 1410 at the Battle of Grunwald by the united troops of the Lithuanian lands and Poland.
In 1385, the Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila (Jogaila) agreed by the Treaty of Krevo to unite Lithuania and Poland in a personal union if he was elected king of Poland. In 1386 he was crowned King of Poland. In 1387, Lithuania was baptized and adopted Western Christianity as its official religion. Since 1392, Lithuania was actually ruled by Grand Duke Vytautas (Vytautas), Jogaila's cousin and formal governor. During his reign (1392-1430) Lithuania reached the height of its power.
Casimir Jagiellon expanded the international influence of the Jagiellon dynasty - he subjugated Prussia to Poland, and placed his son on the Czech and Hungarian thrones. In 1492-1526, there was a political system of Jagiellonian states, covering Poland (with vassals Prussia and Moldova), Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Hungary.
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
In 1569, a union was concluded with Poland in Lublin (the day before, the Ukrainian lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were annexed to Poland). According to the Act of the Union of Lublin, Lithuania and Poland were ruled by a jointly elected king, and state affairs were decided in the common Sejm. However, legal systems, military and governments remained separate. In the 16th-18th centuries, gentry democracy dominated in Lithuania, the Polonization of the gentry and its rapprochement with the Polish gentry took place. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was losing its Lithuanian national character, and Polish culture was developing there.
As part of the Russian Empire
In the 18th century, after the Northern War, the Polish-Lithuanian state fell into decline, falling under Russian protectorate. In 1772, 1793 and 1795, the entire territory of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria. Most of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was annexed to Russia. Attempts to restore statehood caused the transition of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility to Napoleon's side in 1812, as well as the uprisings of 1830-1831 and 1863-1864, which ended in defeat. In the second half of the 19th century, a national movement began to take shape.
Latvia, Republic of Latvia
(Latvian: Latvija, Latvijas Republika) - Baltic state, capital - Riga (721 thousand people, 2006). Geographically it belongs to Northern Europe. The country was named after the ethnonym of the people - Latvieši (Latvian latvieši). Member of the EU and NATO, member of the Schengen agreements. Latvia first emerged as an independent state in 1918 (Riga Peace Treaty of 1920 between the RSFSR and Latvia). From 1940 to 1991 it was part of the USSR as the Latvian SSR.
1201 - Bishop Albert von Buxhoeveden founded the city of Riga on the site of Liv villages. To better organize the inclusion of the lands of the Livonians and Latgalians into the bosom of the church (and at the same time their political conquest), he also founded the Order of the Sword Bearers (after the defeat at the Battle of Saul - the Livonian Order as part of the Teutonic Order), which later became an independent political and economic force; the order and the bishop often fought with each other. [source?] In 1209, the bishop and the order agreed on the division of captured and not yet captured lands. The state formation of the German crusaders, Livonia (named after the local Livonian ethnic group), appeared on the map of Europe. It included the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia. Many Livonian cities subsequently became members of the prosperous North European trade union - the Hanseatic League. However, subsequently, torn apart by internecine clashes of the Order, the Bishopric of Riga (since 1225 - the Archbishopric of Riga) and other, more insignificant bishops, as well as their vassals, Livonia began to weaken, which attracted increased attention from the surrounding states - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russia , and later also Sweden and Denmark. Moreover, Livonia (especially Riga, which was the largest of the cities of the Hanseatic Trade Union) due to its geographical location has always been an important trading region (part of the “Road from the Varangians to the Greeks” ran through its lands in the past).
17th century
During the 17th century - the formation of the Latvian nation as a result of the consolidation of individual peoples: Latgalians, Selovians, Semigallians, Curonians and Livs. Some Latgalians still retain their unique language, although in Latvia and even among the Latgalians themselves there are so many dialects and dialects that many historians and linguists consider this language to be one of the “big” dialects of Latvian.[source?] This is the official position of the state. , on this side, supported by a very strong feeling of patriotism among Latvians (the three stars on the coat of arms of Latvia and in the hands of the woman Freedom on top of the monument of the same name in the center of Riga symbolize the three regions of Latvia - Kurzeme-Zemgale, Vidzeme and Latgale)
XVIII century
1722 - as a result of the Northern War, part of the territory of modern Latvia cedes to the Russian Empire. 1795 - during the third partition of Poland, the entire territory of present-day Latvia was united within Russia.
Geographical position. - Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia are small territories (their total area is comparable to the area of Belarus). They are located on the low-lying eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. Latvia and Lithuania are Belarus' immediate neighbors in the northwest. Their coastal location, unique natural conditions, and proximity to countries of the CIS and Western Europe with different levels of economic development determined their economic specialization. The most important transport corridors between the countries of Eastern and Western Europe and the waters of the Baltic and North Seas pass through their territory. Ferry crossings provide the shortest route between the Baltic countries and the Nordic countries, Poland and Germany.
Belarus uses ports Baltic states for foreign trade. The port of Ventspils (Latvia) is specialized in the export of petroleum products and chemical liquid substances, which are transported to it via oil and product pipelines from Belarus and Russia. The Baltic's natural resources, primarily fishing and recreational, are associated with the sea. The accession of the Baltic states to the EU makes their borders the borders of Russia and Belarus with the EU.
Natural conditions and resources. The relief of all three countries located on the plate of the ancient East European Platform is flat. The Baltic lowland is crossed by low glacial hills, alternating with swampy lake-glacial lowlands. The Baltic Sea coast is bordered by sand dunes. Do you know that... A narrow (from 400 m to 4 km) peninsula stretches for almost 100 km along the Baltic coast - the Curonian Spit.. It separates a shallow bay from the water area, which not so long ago was part of the open sea. The high sand dunes of the spit, up to 70 m, are overgrown with light pine forests with an admixture of broad-leaved elm, linden, and oak.
The climate is also different. Located on the northwestern edge of continental Europe, the territory is under the constant influence of air currents from the North Atlantic, carrying moist cool air in summer (+ 16 °C) and warm air (0...-5 °C) in winter. Rainy weather is typical throughout the year; In winter, rains periodically give way to snowstorms. Snow cover does not occur every year and does not last long. Due to the large amount of precipitation (800-1000 mm) and the flat surface, there are many rivers in the Baltic.
The Baltic states are poor in mineral resources. The most significant deposits of oil shale are in Estonia. Raw materials for the building materials industry, peat, are extracted. Oil and gas reserves are of local importance.
Population. The demographic situation in the Baltic countries is unfavorable. There is a natural population decline (mortality exceeds birth rate) and migration outflow. As a result, the populations of all three countries are declining. The average population density is low by European standards: from 30 people/km2 in Estonia to 51 people/km2 in Lithuania. The population is distributed unevenly: the coasts and areas around the capitals are most densely populated. The level of urbanization is high everywhere - about 70%. The largest cities by population are the capitals: Riga, Vilnius and Tallinn. The national composition is dominated by titular ethnic groups: in Lithuania it is more than 80%, in Estonia - about 70%, in Latvia - about 60%. Among the non-titular population of Latvia and Estonia, there is a high proportion of Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians - the “Russian-speaking population.”
