• Volcanic eruptions remind us of the formidable and indomitable forces that are hidden in the bowels of the Earth.

• The mystery of the causes of volcanism has always aroused fear and keen interest among people, and the tragic consequences of eruptions forced them to study this element.

• Volcano formation

• When a magma chamber forms in the depths of the Earth, molten liquid magma presses from below on the tectonic plate with such force that it begins to crack. Magma rushes upward along cracks and faults, melting the rock and widening the cracks. This creates an exit channel. It passes through the center of the volcano, through which molten magma pours out from the crater of the volcano to the outside in the form of fiery liquid lava. The products of the eruption - pumice, lava, tuffs - settle on the slopes of the volcano, forming a cone. At the top of the volcano there is a depression - a crater. At the bottom of the crater you can see the crater of the volcano - the opening of the outlet channel through which ash, hot gases and water vapor, lava and rock fragments erupt. Volcano vents can be gaping, empty, or filled with molten lava. If lava hardens in a crater, a solid plug is formed, which can only be broken through by a strong volcanic eruption, resulting in a powerful explosion.

• Types of volcanoes

• Active volcanoes

• Volcanoes spew out molten rock, ash, gases, and rocks from time to time. This happens because deep below them there is a magma chamber, similar to a huge furnace in which rock melts, turning into fiery liquid lava.

• Those volcanoes are also considered active if there is any evidence of eruptions in human history.

• Extinct volcanoes

• Inactive volcanoes were active only in prehistoric times. The hearth beneath them has long gone out, and they themselves are so badly destroyed that only geological research reveals traces of ancient volcanic activity.

• Dormant volcanoes

• Dormant volcanoes have not erupted in historical times, but a catastrophic eruption may begin at any moment, because the magma chamber beneath them has not gone out. Dormant volcanoes show signs of life: they can smoke - smoke comes from their crater, gases and steam are released from cracks in the mountain, hot springs gush out. The longer a dormant volcano remains dormant, the more dangerous it is: the power of its explosive awakening can be catastrophic.

• Types of eruptions

• Explosive eruptions

• A volcano explosion occurs when volcanic gases are released from thick magma. During such eruptions, mountain tops are destroyed and millions of tons of ash are thrown into the sky to great heights.
• Ash, gases and steam rise tens of kilometers into the sky in the form of curly clouds.

• Effusive eruptions

• During an effusive volcanic eruption, liquid lava flows freely to form lava flows and sheets

• Extrusive eruptions

• A huge amount of burning gases and hot lava dust is emitted from the crater of the volcano. Spreading around the volcano with tremendous speed, this scorching cloud burns everything over a very large area with lightning speed.

• Eruption products

• Everything that comes out of the bowels of the Earth during volcanic eruptions is called eruption products.

• They are liquid, solid and gaseous.

• The liquid products of an eruption include lava.

• Lava- this is magma that spills onto the surface of the earth

• Types of lava flow.

• It has a smooth or slightly wrinkled surface and is composed of liquid lava. When hardened, such lava forms a flat, smooth surface, sometimes with long wriggling wrinkles in the form of snakes and thick ropes. It is often called “rope lava.”

• It has an uneven surface with cracks. This lava is very thick and viscous, so the flow moves slowly. When the lava begins to cool, it cracks into pieces, but they continue to move like clockwork on the hot lava that has not yet had time to cool. The upper hardened layer of lava resembles piles of slag, which is formed from the combustion of coal.

• Lava flow "ah-ah"

• Pa-hoe-hoe lava flow

• Pyroclasts

• Rock fragments that are thrown out by gases during volcanic eruptions are called pyroclasts

• Volcanic gases

• Volcanic phenomena are associated with the action of gases. If the magma is very liquid, gases are released freely and do not threaten explosions. Gases can foam even viscous magma, forming porous pumice, disperse magma into small particles - volcanic ash and sand - and, combining with them, form a deadly scorching cloud.
• And finally, gases can scatter rock fragments hundreds of meters from the crater of a volcano.

• Volcanoes in Kamchatka

• Bezymyanny Volcano

• Bezymyanny volcano is located near Klyuchevaya Sopka. It was considered extinct, and the power of its awakening was gigantic. On March 30, 1956, a terrible explosion destroyed the entire upper part of the volcano. Clouds of ash shot up almost 40 km, from

• From the vent, a powerful stream of hot gas, volcanic sand and ash burst out, which burned out all the vegetation for 25 km around the volcano. A lava dome began to grow from the craters. Now the base of this dome is 750 m, and the height is 320 m. Fortunately, despite all the fury of the eruption, no one died; not a single living soul was within a radius of 45 km from the volcano during the hours of the eruption.

• Tolbachinskaya Sopka

• Tolbachik Volcano is a very active volcano. At its peak, 3085 m high, there was a huge caldera with a crater 300 m in diameter and 150 meters deep. From time to time, a small lake of hot lava appeared in the crater. In 1975-1976, an Icelandic-type fissure eruption occurred. It lasted continuously for 520 days.

• In a very short time, many cracks more than a kilometer long formed. All this was accompanied by the spilling and gushing of lava. During the eruption of Tolbachik, two cubic kilometers of volcanic products were thrown to the surface from the depths of the Earth. This is the largest known volcanic eruption in Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

• Volcano in the Philippines

• Mayon Volcano, the most active on the island of Luzon. On October 23, 1776, it caused the death of 2,000 people when huge amounts of lava were ejected from its crater.

• Volcano Mayon

• Mayon's longest eruption occurred in 1897. It lasted from June 23 to June 30 and claimed 400 lives.

• Volcanoes of the Mediterranean

• Volcano Stromboli

• In the south of Italy, near the island of Vulcano. The volcano island of Stromboli is located. It has a very restless character, and it has been active for several millennia almost without interruption. From time to time, explosions occur in its crater, and hot slag and volcanic bombs fly up tens and sometimes hundreds of meters, but lava usually does not flow from it.

• One of the most powerful eruptions of Stromboli was noted in 1930, and since the fifteenth century there have already been seven of them.

• Volcanoes of the Atlantic

• In the south of Iceland is the volcanic Laki mountain range, which contains more than a hundred cones.
• The ridge reaches a height of 818 m and a length of 25 km.

• June 8, 1783.
• Not far from the town of Vatnajo-kull in the southeast of Iceland, a powerful eruption of the Laki volcano began. It lasted 8 months, the length of the flow of lava that came to light was almost 70 kilometers, and the volume of this mass, moving at a speed of over 45 km/h, was equal to 12,000 cubic meters and occupied an area of ​​579 square kilometers.

• Volcano Laki

• Volcanoes of Africa

• Mount Kilimanjaro

• Kilimanjaro is a volcanic mountain range in eastern Africa
• The massif consists of three peaks - Kibo, Mawenzi and Shira. The Mawenzi and Shira volcanoes have long been extinct, and Kibo continues to smoke volcanic gases through openings on the slopes.

• Volcanoes of the Pacific Ocean

• Mount St. Helens

• In North America, in the Cordillera, Mount St. Helens is perhaps the lowest among other peaks - its height is only 2950 meters.
• On March 20, 1980, four powerful tremors shook the area, and on March 27, 47 tremors with a force of up to three points. At noon of the same day, a deafening explosion was heard near the very top.
• This monstrous explosion claimed the lives of 62 people.

Working with a geographic map

• Show the following volcanoes on the map:
• Nameless, Tolbachik Sopka, Mayon, Stromboli, Lucky, Kilimanjaro, St. Helens
• Show on the map the volcanoes that erupted in the last year

• Questions about the material covered

• 1.What types of volcanoes are there?

• 3.What types of eruptions do you know?

• 5.What are the products of the eruption?

• 2.How are volcanoes formed?

• 4.Give a brief description of each type of eruption.

Ella Vassina
Presentation for senior group students on the topic “Volcano”

Target:

Introduce children to natural phenomena - volcano.

Tasks:

1- promote the development of cognitive activity in children, the desire for independent knowledge and reflection;

2- improve the ability to work with various materials, show a desire for transformation, and take a creative approach to solving assigned problems.

"I spit fire and lava,

I am a dangerous giant

I am famous for my evil fame,

What's my name?"

On a spaceship you can get into space, from where you can clearly see our planet. It is very huge and looks like a ball.

Deep below us, inside our planet, the earth is so hot it looks like mush.

There is water on our Earth (seas, rivers and oceans) and land (she's dry). We live on land. There are high mountains on land. Have you seen the mountains? The land is hard. But this is only from above, and deep inside the Earth it is so hot that even stones melt.

Word « VOLCANO» in Latin means "fire" And "flame". So named

one of the ancient Russian gods - the god of fire and blacksmithing.

Volcanoes there are eruptions

on the land…

There are also underwater...

"Sleepers" volcanoes differ little from other mountains.

But sometimes they "waking up", and then, the strong begins

underground roar, flames, ashes, red-hot

stones, volcanic bombs.

During an eruption volcano magma comes to the surface, it also

called LAVA.

The channel through which magma rises is called

MOUTH volcano.

Pieces of frozen lava - pumice. Look how interesting she is. There are air bubbles inside this pebble. This is because the lava boiled and seethed, and then froze.

Volcanoes seem beautiful, but they are very dangerous. After all, the fiery porridge is lava,

pouring out of the mountain, it can destroy cities where people live and start fires.

Scientists who monitor the condition volcanoes and can often predict the beginning of their eruptions called volcanologists.

Where fire flies from the mountain,

And it smokes from all sides,

There's a dangerous hooligan there

Awakened again (Volcano)

At that rather big mountain

The character is quiet for the time being.

But this could happen -

It will explode and smoke (Volcano)

The mountain woke up from its sleep,

It began to seethe and boil.

And it shot up from the cap

Lots of smoke, soot, ash.

The lava flows like honey, thick.

What do you call a mountain like this? (Volcano)

Publications on the topic:

Summary of direct educational activities in the educational field “Artistic and Aesthetic Development” with children 5-6.

Technological map Task 1

I want to know

What is a volcano ?

• Volcano- (from Latin vulcanus - fire, flame), a conical mountain, from the neck of which hot gases, steam, ash, rock fragments, as well as powerful streams of hot lava are emitted, which spread over the surface of the earth.
• A volcano is a geological formation on the surface of the earth’s crust or the crust of another planet, where magma comes to the surface, forming lava, volcanic gases, and stones.
• Volcanoes are conical mountains formed by the products of their eruptions.

Technological map Task 2.

Volcano is…………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………… ...

………………………………………………………………………………………………… .....

Structure of the volcano

• A magma chamber is a place under the earth's crust,

where magma collects.

• A volcanic vent is a channel through which magma rises.
• A volcano crater is a bowl-shaped depression at the top of a mountain.
• Lava is erupted magma.

Technological map Task 3 Complete the diagram "Structure of a volcano"

Eruption- this is the release of molten matter from the Earth’s crust and mantle to the surface of the planet, called magma .

Historical catastrophe of volcanic origin

K. Bryullov “The Last Day of Pompeii”

Causes of volcanic eruptions

Earthquake;

Pressure drop in the magma chamber. And with a sudden decrease in pressure, the magma melts, the gases expand and rush out.

Signs of a volcanic eruption

Almost always a volcanic eruption can be predicted. The most characteristic signs of the “awakening” of a volcano are:

• - increased release of gases and

mineral waters on it

• - temperature increase;
• - underground hum.

Types of volcanic eruptions

If gases are released from the magma relatively calmly, then it flows to the surface, forming lava flows. This eruption was called effusive.

If gases are released quickly, the magmatic melt appears to instantly boil and burst with expanding gas bubbles.

Something powerful is happening.

explosive eruption

which received

Name explosive.

If the magma is very viscous and its temperature is low, then it is slowly squeezed out to the surface. Such an eruption is called extrusive.

Types of volcanoes

Most common central type volcanoes is a hill, mountain or hill with a depression at the top – crater , from which magma comes to the surface. thrown out during a volcanic eruption

rock fragments from it,

ash, poured lava

remain on its slopes.

The height of the mountain increases -

Xia, and with it the crater

moves higher and higher

Another type of volcano is linear or fissure . Their occurrence is associated with the rise of liquid basaltic magma along a crack in the earth's crust. Liquid lava spreads over vast areas, forming lava sheets. Such a volcano looks like a crack on the surface of the Earth.

Active volcanoes

Krakatoa

Fujiyama

Klyuchevskaya Sopka

Extinct volcanoes

Kilimanjaro

TEST

1. Geological formation that appears above channels and cracks in the earth’s crust, through which ash, lava, hot gases, water vapor, and rock fragments are erupted onto the earth’s surface

a) earthquake

b) seaquake

c) volcano

2. The word “volcano” comes from the name of the ancient Roman god:

a) the underworld

3.Find two reasons for a volcanic eruption

a) flood

b) earthquake

c) pressure drop in the magma chamber

d) tsunami

4. Find three signs of a volcanic eruption

a) increased release of gases and mineral waters;

b) increase in temperature;

c) underground hum.

d) decrease in temperature

5. Choose the wrong classification of volcanoes a) by shape b) by the amount of erupted lava c) by activity

d) by location

Answers to the test

3 - b, c

4 - a, b, c

Homework

Chapter 2, paragraph 5, tasks from the technological map Creative task:

(by choice and desire)

make a model of a volcano;

make a selection of facts about the volcanic eruption

Purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the concept of volcanoes, the reasons for their eruptions, to understand what volcanoes are and where they are located on Earth. Objectives of the lesson: - to introduce students to the dangerous natural phenomenon of geological origin - volcanoes, the types of volcanic eruptions and the reasons for their occurrence. - develop the ability to correctly assess the situation, the ability to analyze, systematize and draw conclusions; - generate interest in the subject; - teach to resist natural elements.

Oral survey: What activities need to be carried out before an earthquake so that it does not take you by surprise? What safety measures should you take if an earthquake hits you at home? What safety measures should be taken after an earthquake?

“... From that moment, when the day faded and the crimson light of molten lava came into its own, we were transported into a world of magical visions ... The lake of fire cast ominous crimson reflections on the massive walls of the crater. Heavy waves of liquid lava roared and beat dully...

Climbing through the scree, we reached two flaming crevices, from which hot gases burst out with a deafening noise, suffocating from the effort. We measured their temperature - it reached 1000 degrees... Below us, molten lava was bubbling - it was no more than four hundred meters away... The heat was unbearable... We walked on uneven ground; no human has ever set foot on it; it had barely just arisen, it had only recently hardened, the heat of fiery abysses emanated from it...” This is how the Belgian scientist and writer Harun Taziev described his impressions of visiting the volcano crater.

The concepts of “volcano”, “volcanic eruption”, “magma”, “active margins”. Causes of volcanic eruptions. The word "volcano" comes from the name of the god of fire and blacksmithing, Vulcan, from ancient Roman myths. A volcano is a conical mountain from which hot material – magma – erupts from time to time. Magma is formed at high temperatures and pressures in the earth's crust and upper mantle. Scientists believe that the process of magma formation occurs during tectonic movements of lithospheric plates on its active margins.

Active margins are areas of the lithosphere where oceanic crust is subducted beneath lighter, more buoyant continental crust, forming an inclined plate. The interaction of a plate of subducting oceanic crust with continental lithosphere causes melting of the upper mantle at a depth of km. The melt drops that originate here, merging with each other, begin to move upward. At some higher intermediate levels in the earth's crust they form magma chambers, and an eruption occurs from the uppermost chamber.

Types of Volcanoes The most common volcanoes are the central type - this is a hill, mountain or hill with a depression at the top - a crater, from which magma comes to the surface. When a volcano erupts, rock fragments, ash, and erupted lava ejected from it remain on its slopes. The height of the mountain increases, and with it the crater moves higher and higher.

Another type of volcanoes is linear, or fissure. Their occurrence is associated with the rise of liquid basaltic magma along a crack in the earth's crust. Liquid lava spreads over vast areas, forming lava sheets. Such a volcano looks like a crack on the surface of the Earth.

From history In the 1st century, Italy experienced one of the most powerful eruptions of Mount Vesuvius in the history of mankind. Clouds of ash obscured the sun, streams of lava, mud and stones flooded the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia. The air was filled with toxic fumes. People tried to take refuge in houses and died there from suffocation or under collapsed roofs. The eruption of Vesuvius continued for two days, and when it finally stopped, the cities disappeared, completely buried under ash, stones, and dirt. Many centuries later, archaeologists dug them up and discovered examples of ancient Roman architecture, sculpture, and household utensils preserved under volcanic ash.

Location of volcanoes on Earth. There are about 500 volcanoes on Earth. The bulk are concentrated along the coasts and island arcs of the Pacific Ocean. Several volcanic islands are located in the Indian Ocean, and there are only 45 of them in the Atlantic. In addition to the Pacific zone, there are still two areas of volcanism on Earth. One of them is in Africa, and the other includes the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, as well as eastern Turkey and Iran. On the territory of Russia, volcanic activity is observed in the areas of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

Homework § 2.4 pp. In writing: write in your notebook what are the harbingers of volcanic eruptions?

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Presentation - Volcanic eruptions

Text of this presentation

VOLCANOES
Shevchenko Evgeny Aleksandrovich Teacher-organizer of life safety MBOU "Kolomytsevskaya Secondary School" 2016

Study questions: Origin and types of volcanoes. Consequences of volcanic eruptions. Measures to reduce losses from volcanic eruptions. Target. At the end of the topic studied, students should: know the basic measures to protect the population from volcanic eruptions; have the skills to carry out measures to protect against volcanic eruptions; have an idea of ​​the consequences of volcanic eruptions.

Eruption of Vesuvius

vent
magma

VOLCANO CRATER

Eruption

scorching cloud

A volcanic eruption is probably the most amazing spectacle in nature. An eruption is often accompanied by an earthquake, increasing volcanic activity. An underground rumble is heard, the release of gases and vapors increases, their temperature rises, clouds thicken over the top of the volcano, and its slopes begin to swell. Then, under the pressure of gases escaping from the bowels of the Earth, an eruption occurs.

Thick black clouds of gases and water vapor mixed with ash are thrown up thousands of meters, covering the surrounding area in darkness. Pieces of red-hot stones fly out of the crater with a roar. Ashes fall from thick black clouds onto the ground. Lava rises from the crater of a volcano. Lava can be liquid, viscous and thick.

Products of a volcanic eruption

What to do in case of a volcanic eruption

Consolidation: Test on the topic: “Volcanic eruptions” Grade 7 1. The greatest danger during a volcanic eruption is: a) hot lava flows; b) scorching avalanches; c) clouds of ash and gases (“scorching cloud”); d) blast wave and scattering of debris; e) water and mud-stone flows; e) sharp fluctuations in temperature. 2. “Scorching cloud” is: a) clouds of ash rising to a great height; b) clouds of hot gas under high pressure emanating from the crater of a volcano; c) clouds of hot gas and ash that remain close to the surface of the earth; d) clouds of hot gas and ash rising to a height of up to 75 km. 3. The main way to save people during volcanic eruptions is: a) shelter in specially equipped shelters; b) evacuation; c) use of personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin. 4. What should you do if you are in close proximity to a volcanic eruption? Select your further actions from the proposed options and determine their order: a) run away in a perpendicular direction from the moving lava flows; b) take cover under a large stone; c) protect the respiratory system; d) follow to the shelter.

Answers Test on the topic: “Volcanic eruptions” Grade 7 1. The greatest danger during a volcanic eruption is: a) hot lava flows; b) scorching avalanches; c) clouds of ash and gases (“scorching cloud”); d) blast wave and scattering of debris; e) water and mud-stone flows; e) sharp fluctuations in temperature. 2. “Scorching cloud” is: a) clouds of ash rising to a great height; b) clouds of hot gas under high pressure emanating from the crater of a volcano; c) clouds of hot gas and ash that remain close to the surface of the earth; d) clouds of hot gas and ash rising to a height of up to 75 km. 3. The main way to save people during volcanic eruptions is: a) shelter in specially equipped shelters; b) evacuation; c) use of personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin. 4. What should you do if you are in close proximity to a volcanic eruption? Select your further actions from the proposed options and determine their order: a) run away in a perpendicular direction from the moving lava flows; b) take cover under a large stone; c) protect the respiratory system; 1 d) follow to the shelter. 2

Literature: 1. “Fundamentals of life safety” - a textbook for 7th grade students of general education institutions / S.N. Vangorodsky, M.I. Kuznetsov, V.V. Markov, V.N. Latchuk - M: Bustard, 2009. 2. Latchuk V. N., Markov V. V. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade: teaching aid. - M.: Bustard, 2004. 3.V.N. Latchuk, V.V. Markov, M.P. Frolov “Fundamentals of life safety” Didactic materials - M.: Bustard, 2000. 4. Internet resources. Yandex pictures.

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