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The Kungur Ice Cave is one of the most famous and popular attractions in the Urals. The cave is located in the Perm region, on the right bank of the Sylva River on the outskirts of the city of Kungur in the village of Filippovka, 100 km from Perm. A unique geological monument - one of the largest karst caves in the European part of Russia, the seventh longest gypsum cave in the world.
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The dimensions of the cave are ~ 5.7 km long. Area – 65.0 thousand m2. Number of grottoes – 48 pcs. (the largest are the Geographers’ Grotto, ~50 thousand m3, on the route – the Giant Grotto, ~45 thousand m3). Number of lakes – 70 pcs. (the largest Big underground lake, area 1460 m2). Number of organ pipes - 146 pcs. Average air temperature: +5.0 ° C. Average water temperature in the Big Lake: + 5.2 ° C. Average air humidity: absolute: 8.3 mb, relative – 100%. Average gas composition of air: O2 – 20.47; N2 – 78.38; CO2 – 1.15 vol. %.Minimum air temperature: Diamond Grotto: -32.0°C.
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The entrance to the Kungur Cave, through which visitors enter it, is artificial. A 40-meter tunnel was dug into the mountain in 1937.
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The underground kingdom of stalactites and stalagmites, a frozen symphony of stone and ice, grandeur and galactic silence - all this leaves incomparable sensations. The beauty, grandeur and history of cave exploration are reflected in the names of the grottoes: Diamond, Cosmic, Dante, Ruins, Geologists, Brave, Giant, Polar, etc.
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At the base of the slope of the Ice Mountain there are anhydrites, gypsum, dolomites and the Nevolinsky member of the Tirenian horizon of the Kungurian stage of the lower section of the Permian system (P1K). The underground kingdom of stalactites and stalagmites, a frozen symphony of stone and ice, grandeur and galactic silence. The beauty, grandeur and history of cave exploration are reflected in the names of the grottoes: Diamond, Cosmic, Dante, Ruins, Geologists, Brave, Giant, Polar, etc.
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The length of this miracle of nature is 5700 meters. At the same time, only 1,500 meters are equipped for tourists to visit. Along this length, the cave has been cleared and equipped with special lighting, adding to the spectacle.
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The age of the Kungur Ice Cave is 10-12 thousand years, and sometimes collapses occur here. The condition of the ice in the cave depends on the temperature regime. In winter, the Kungur cave is “frozen out” - special ventilation holes are opened. On the contrary, they are closed for the summer. However, with the beginning of regular excursions in the cave, the multi-year ice began to gradually melt.
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The history of the study of the cave began back in 1703, when the first factories were just emerging in the Urals. This year, the famous figure of that time, Semyon Remezov, visited the cave and drew up the first plan of the cave. A couple of decades later, the no less famous Vasily Tatishchev visited the Kungur cave. Subsequently, scientists I.I. visited the cave during expeditions across Russia. Lepekhin, I. Gmelin and others.
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In the Kungur cave there are 48 grottoes, about 60 lakes and 146 “organ pipes”, the highest of which in the Ethereal Grotto reaches 22 meters. The air temperature in most grottoes is around zero degrees. The largest grotto of the cave is the Grotto of Geographers. Its volume is 50 thousand cubic meters.
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Surprisingly, the minimum temperature in the cave is in the entrance grottoes. The temperatures here are always below zero: in summer no higher than -2-3 degrees, and in winter below -20. This is also where the most beautiful ice formations are found. The first grotto, the Diamond Grotto, is especially famous for its beauty. At the end of winter it has the most beautiful tray-shaped and needle-shaped crystals.
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The Kungur Cave has beautiful lakes with clear water. They have a connection with the Sylva River and when its water rises, it also spills. The largest lake has a simple name - the Great Underground Lake and has a water volume of 1300 cubic meters. Its depth reaches three meters. In the cave lakes you can see aquatic crustaceans and small frogs.
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MYSTERIOUS DUNGEONS
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Caves are giant voids located horizontally below the surface of the earth. Dips are vertical voids. The largest caves are called caverns. They are found in limestone rocks.
Caves
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Long lava-walled tunnels are created by the flow of molten rock beneath the solid surface. Streams of meltwater form sparkling caves inside glaciers. In sea cliffs, caves are created by the impact of waves.
Typically, caves are created by acidic water, eating away voids in the limestone. But they can arise in other ways.
What types of caves are there?
This cave in the Hawaiian Islands was created by an underground lava flow.
Ice Cave, Orkney Islands
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The largest known single cave is Sarawak in Indonesia, discovered only in 1981. It is so large that it could accommodate the world's largest sports stadium - the Louisiana Superdome, USA - three times over. Its length is 700 m, and its height is 300 m.
The largest cave.
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The longest cave system is Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, USA, stretching for 560 km.
Longest cave
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The deepest caves discovered are Pierre Saint Martin in the French Pyrenees. They go 800 m underground.
The deepest cave.
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The possibility of shelter and darkness attracted ancient people to caves. Archaeologists have proven that some caves were inhabited at least 40,000 years ago. Later, hermits who sought solitude lived in them, and smugglers who hid their treasures there.
People and caves
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Many caves look like beautiful underground palaces, full of sparkling columns. Long needles hanging from above, resembling icicles, are called stalactites.
Stalagmites and stalactites
The shiny columns growing from the floor are stalagmites. Almost all of them arise from mineralized water that drips from the ceiling and flows along the cave floor.
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Plants cannot grow in caves because they absolutely need light. Consequently, animals living in a cave must obtain their own food outside of it. Bats and birds fly to nearby forests for food, and insects and spiders collect their scraps or devour each other.
Life in caves
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The caves are home to two completely different types of animals - guajaro birds and bats. They fly out at night in search of food and navigate in the dark using ultrasound, but that’s where their similarities end. Guajaros live in South America and eat plant fruits, while bats are found all over the world and eat mainly insects.
Cave Dwellers
Natalya Gregorova
"Caves". Video presentation for children of senior preschool age.
Cave is a void in the earth’s crust or in a mountain range with an exit to the outside, formed as a result of the action of groundwater or volcanic processes.
Cave- a natural underground cavity accessible to human penetration, having parts not illuminated by sunlight, length and depth.
The largest caves- complex systems of passages and halls, often with a total length of up to several tens of kilometers.
Caves are created by water. Water is a good solvent. Gradually, over thousands of years, water erodes and dissolves rocks and minerals and carries them away, forming caves.
From these vaults caves drops of water with grains of minerals dissolved in it fall. As they dry, they form stone icicles layer by layer. They are called stalactites.
Caves- the kingdom of darkness and silence. It's surprising that the temperature is cave in summer below. And in winter it is higher than outside. About 200 species of animals live in caves, but there are almost no pathogenic microbes, so caves now used for medicinal purposes.
Publications on the topic:
Video presentation of the project on patriotic education of children of senior preschool age “Russia is proud of them” A video demonstrating the ability to summarize and present one’s own teaching experience. This year our group is working on a project.
Mathematical KVN for children of senior preschool age. Mathematical KVN for children of senior preschool age. Objectives: 1. Give children joy and pleasure from working together with their parents.
April 1st holiday for children of senior preschool age.“Journey through the Land of Laughter” Goal: To bring children joy and pleasure from the holiday. The hall is festively decorated. Children to cheerful music.
Scenario of entertainment for children of the preparatory group on traffic rules. Goal: to consolidate the rules of the road, rules of behavior on the street.
Entertainment for children of senior preschool age according to traffic rules ENTERTAINMENT FOR SENIOR PRESCHOOL CHILDREN ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC RULES. Goal: observance and compliance by children with traffic rules. Tasks:.
Spartakiad for children of senior preschool age Sports festival for children of senior preschool age “Long live the Spartakiad” The purpose of the Spartakiad is to increase interest.
Video presentation “Antarctica” for children of the preparatory group Hello guys! Today you will learn a lot of interesting things about the southernmost and coldest continent - Antarctica. Antarctica is the most.
Quiz for older preschool children Goal: To develop the intellectual abilities of children, to introduce children to the world of riddles, puzzles and fairy tales, and to cultivate a sense of collectivism.
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CAVE - cavity, emptiness in the thickness of the earth; natural underground passages, dead-end or with exits; grotto; underground dens; sometimes dug passages, rock-cut dwellings, cemeteries, etc.
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Cave - caves, a cavity, underground or in a mountain range, formed from the action of groundwater or as a result of volcanic processes (geol.). Caves served as dwellings for primitive man and animals. A large depression in the ground, an empty space within the earth, used (by humans and animals) as a shelter, home.
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Some large caves began to be created 60,000,000 years ago. The rains poured, the rivers overflowed, and the monolithic mountains slowly collapsed. The rock in which the caves appear is limestone. It is a soft rock and can be dissolved by a weak acid. The acid that breaks down limestone comes from rainwater. Falling raindrops take carbon dioxide from the air and soil. This carbon dioxide turns water into carbon dioxide. Therefore, for millions of years, acid rain watered the limestones. They constantly dripped onto the mountains, and cracks began to appear on them. And the rains continued to fall.
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The water flowed, widening the cracks. She found new cracks in the monolith. The cracks expanded into tunnels. The tunnels crossed and niches appeared. After millions of years, the caves took their shape. And the water made the caves larger and larger.
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Stalactite caves. Stalactites hanging from the cave ceiling. Raindrops seep through the rock mass and accumulate on the ceiling. One drop, another, a third - more and more drops. The limestone in this place began to crystallize. The crystallized limestone gradually stretched into icicles, growing and increasing in size. And now a huge limestone icicle - a stalactite - is already hanging from the ceiling.
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Stalagmites “growing” from the floor. Raindrops also fell on the floor of the cave, dissolving the limestone there too. The limestone began to crystallize on the floor, and so the candles gradually grew. Limestone “candles” are called stalagmites.
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Karst caves These are the majority of caves. It is karst caves that have the greatest extent and depth. Caves are formed due to the dissolution of rocks by water. Therefore, karst caves are found only where soluble rocks occur: limestone, marble, dolomite, chalk, as well as gypsum and salt.
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Tectonic caves Such caves can appear in any rock as a result of the formation of tectonic faults. As a rule, such caves are found on the sides of river valleys deeply cut into the plateau, when huge masses of rock break off from the sides, forming subsidence cracks (sherlops). Subsidence cracks usually converge like a wedge with depth. Most often they are filled with loose sediments from the surface of the massif, but sometimes they form quite deep vertical caves, up to 100 m deep. Sherlops are widespread in Eastern Siberia. They have been studied relatively poorly, and are probably quite common.
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Erosion caves Caves formed in insoluble rocks due to mechanical erosion, that is, worked through by water containing grains of solid material. Often such caves are formed on the seashore under the influence of the surf, but they are small. However, the formation of caves is also possible, excavated along primary tectonic cracks by streams going underground. Quite large (hundreds of meters long) erosion caves formed in sandstones and even granites are known.
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Glacier caves Caves formed in the body of glaciers by melt water. Such caves are found on many glaciers. Melted glacial waters are absorbed by the body of the glacier along large cracks or at the intersection of cracks, forming passages that are sometimes passable for humans. Characteristic lengths are a few hundred meters, depths up to 100 m or more. In 1993, a giant glacial well “Isortog” with a depth of 173 m was discovered and explored in Greenland, the influx of water
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Sea Caves Sea caves are found along coastlines around the world. A special issue is coastal caves, which form on the seashore in weakened zones under the influence of the surf. Elsewhere, such as Phang Nga Bay in Thailand, the caves have been flooded by the sea and are now subject to coastal erosion. Sea caves range in size in general from 5 meters (16 ft) to 50 meters (160 ft) in length, and sometimes they can exceed 300 meters (980 ft)
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Volcanic caves. Volcanic caves. These caves appear during volcanic eruptions. The lava flow, as it cools, becomes covered with a hard crust, forming a lava tube, inside which molten rock still flows. After the eruption has actually ended, the lava flows out of the tube from the lower end, and a cavity remains inside the tube. It is clear that lava caves lie on the very surface, and often the roof collapses. However, as it turned out, lava caves can reach very large sizes, up to 65.6 km in length and 1100 m in depth (Kazumura Cave, Hawaiian Islands). Author: Malinina T.V. -teacher at the Katyusha Medical Educational Institution. Labytnangi http://im1-tub-ru.yandex.net/i?id=108921907-08-72&n=21 http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CF%E5%F9%E5%F0%E0 http://spox.ru/plugins/page/index.php?id=9709 http://vseyznaesh.ru/vse/chto-takoe-peshhery.html MBOU Secondary School No. 8 s. Spasskoe
The mysterious world of caves
Rozhanskaya M. V.
Caves are this mysterious and magical world of the dark kingdom, silence and silence. And the caves can rightly be called the cradle of humanity. Indeed, in prehistoric times, primitive people used caves as a refuge from the wind and cold. They were the "discoverers" of natural dungeons
For thousands of years, water diligently eroded the stone and created underground labyrinths of a silent world of beauty and mysteries. Seeping into the cracks of limestone, rainwater destroys the stone from year to year, enlarging the cracks
For centuries, water saturated with minerals, dripping from the ceiling of caves, forms stalactites and stalagmites, sometimes of such bizarre shapes that they are given their own names
KASHKULAK CAVE
In Khakassia there is a cave called Koshkulakskaya. Many legends are associated with it, and people call it the Black Devil’s Cave, while the Khakass call it the White Cave. It has several grottoes, the names of which are also mysterious: Temple, Skeleton, Obscurantists, Lost Pagoda
The cave has three entrances. Its depth is 49 m, length - 820 m
BOTOVSKAYA CAVE
Located in the Irkutsk region, the Botovskaya cave is full of secrets. It is the longest cave in Russia. Despite numerous expeditions, more and more new passages are being found in it. Currently, the total length of all its passages is 66.7 thousand meters. According to some estimates, its length may exceed 100 km
KUNGUR CAVE
It is also called the Ice Cave. It is located in the Perm region. The cave is one of the largest caves in the European part of Russia. Its length is about 5.7 thousand meters. It began to be explored at the beginning of the 18th century
Cave of Swallows
The Cave of Swallows is located in Mexico. The entrance to the cave is a huge hole in the mountain with a diameter of 55 m. The cave is one of the deepest caves in Mexico, its depth reaches 376 m, which is comparable to the height of a 120-story building. The floor of the Swallow Cave is sloped and has many narrow tunnels that lead to deeper levels.
Fingal's Singing Cave
Fingal's Cave is located on an island in Scotland. Over many millennia, the sea surf and rains have carved out a whole system of caves, the largest of which is the singing cave of Fingal, which received its name in honor of the hero of the epic, the giant Fingal
Cave Gouffre Berger
Gouffre Berger Cave in France. The name of the cave comes from the Latin word "gufr", which means "abyss", and the name of the scientist Joseph Berger, who discovered it. Its depth is 1271 m, which is comparable to the height of two Ostankino towers placed on top of each other, and the length of the passages is over 30 kilometers. Today the cave ranks 23rd in depth in the world and 4th in France. It can take 15 to 30 hours to rise from the very bottom to the surface.
Chasm of Three Bridges
The Chasm of Three Bridges is located in Lebanon. The Baatara waterfall will fall into its abyss, from a height of 255 meters. The cave owes its name to the fact that as it falls into the valley, the stream passes through three natural bridges, each of which hangs over the other. The age of the cave reaches 160 million years. years
Skaftafell Ice Cave
Ice caves are temporary structures that appear at the edge of glaciers. Such caves do not last long and can be destroyed at any moment. Ice caves are only tens of years old. But they look amazingly beautiful from the inside. One of these caves is located in the Skaftafell Nature Park in Iceland.
Skaftafell Cave was formed in a glacier as a result of melting ice. Melt water together with rain, having collected on the surface of the glacier, rushed into the cracks in streams, penetrating inside and forming peculiar tunnels. Sunlight, penetrating through the ice, gives the cave an unusual blue color.
The Skaftafell cave has a seven-meter entrance to the ice tunnel, which gradually narrows to 1 m.
Marble Caves
The Marble Caves are one of the most beautiful places in Patagonia. They are bright blue grottoes filled with lake water. These caves are located in Chile
Cave city of Vardzia
Vardzia is a cave monastery complex located in Georgia. Vardzia is a real underground city with many tunnels, stairs and alleys. Inside the rock there was a place not only for a monastery, but also for several libraries, baths and many residential buildings
The cave city did not last long - a year after construction, an earthquake almost completely destroyed it. It was so powerful that it damaged the cave system, causing them to collapse and fall in a cascade.
For a long time, the cave city was abandoned, but at the end of the last century, Vardzia was restored again, and monastic life resumed there. At the moment there are about 10-15 monks in the monastery of the ancient city
Nam Lod Cave
This is one of the most ancient caves in Thailand. A human skeleton that was more than twenty thousand years old was found here. Visitors to the cave will be able to see the home of primitive people.
The walls of the cave are more than 20 meters high. The very name of the cave - Nam Lod, which translated from Thai means “water passing through” - speaks of its essence
Krubera-Voronya Cave
Krubera-Voronya is the deepest (at the beginning of 2014) cave in the world (depth 2196 m, located in Abkhazia
